Chapter 3
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CONSIDERATIONS influenced the creation of
LANGUAGE DRAGON
All the literature on computers ... presents us with tales of
the great euphoric victories, while the number of analyzed
shameful stains very little.
Paul Strassman
What is more important:
PC or a human brain?
Intellectual foundations of modern civilization is a collective
intellectual activity of millions of people engaged in various
organizations, creating and consuming information products.
However, in the era of mass computerization, many organizations
are faced with a new and largely unexpected problem. As the
power and reduce the unit cost of computers increasingly
negative impact on time and cost of implementation of
intellectual work has insufficient productivity of knowledge
workers themselves. There is a paradoxical situation: the
intellectual worker turns to the weakest (and often most
expensive) unit of the automated technology solutions of
numerous scientific, practical and other problems. World
experience shows that most organizations spend too much money on
an information product, and gets little impact due to the low
productivity of the creative staff. In these circumstances, it
is a requirement to increase productivity of knowledge workers
(ie. E. A person, not a machine) is becoming increasingly
important.
Another surprise is that the traditional concept of
"productivity", born in the depths of material production, where
it is perfectly legal and trustworthy accounting tool, being
transferred to the sphere of information production to assess
the work of knowledge workers often lose the former uniqueness
becomes poorly defined and misleading.
To avoid trouble, you need to clearly define the three concepts:
* integrated performance "staff computers";
* performance computers;
* the performance of its own personnel, ie. e. the human
brain.
This allows us to formulate a thesis. Integrated Performance
Systems' staff computers "depends on two independent factors: PC
performance and productivity of the brain. The first is growing
rapidly, and the second, on the contrary, more and more behind
the growing demands and often turns into a main brake increase
the efficiency of organizations.
Why is increasing the performance of computers? Due to the
growth of their speed and the amount of memory, increase the
effectiveness of programs and transfer of all the new features.
However, these reasons do not have absolutely no effect on the
speed of the human brain, as the latter does not depend on the
power of computers, or on the degree of automation. This is
where the roots one of the main reasons many failures associated
with ill-conceived attempts to raise the intellectual capacity
of staff.
WHAT IS PERFORMANCE brainwork?
The literature on computer listed three concepts (integrated
system performance "staff-computers", computer performance and
employee productivity) are usually not mixed dismembered and
that confuses and eliminates the possibility of a correct
analysis and problem solving. In this regard, it is advisable to
return once again to the problem and justify it in more detail.
It has long been recognized that the bottleneck were not so much
computing as human resources, so the task of saving the human,
not a machine has become a central resource for software
engineering. It is easy to see that this conclusion goes beyond
programming and is universal, covering a wide variety of types
of complex intellectual work. Beginning with a certain limit
further expansion of intellectual power of computers, software
and networks would be meaningless if the human brain is unable
to process the information available to him. This means that in
the first decade of the XXI century.lack of productivity of the
human brain will be a major factor limiting the ability to
increase mental power of human institutions and limiting the
intellectual progress of civilization.
Given the above, it is necessary to eliminate the ambiguity of
the term "productivity of mental work", exclude the possibility
of false interpretations and give very clear and precise
definition of this important concept. According to the author,
the best way is to limit unnecessarily broad scope of the
concept and interpreted in a narrow sense, as the increase in
productivity of the brain.
By definition, the effective activity - an activity that allows
you to get the desired result at the lowest cost. This implies
that intellectual activity is effective only if it can achieve
high-quality results with the least intelligent intelligent
cost. Thus, the requirement to minimize the intellectual effort
(minimizing the cost of the human brain nervous energy expended
for a given predictive outcome) is equivalent to the requirement
of improving of the mind, mental labor productivity.
A similar position is taken by other authors. The literature can
be found, for example, such expressions: increased efficiency of
the brain, improving the quality of the brain, increasing the
efficiency of the functioning of the human brain, "increasing
the productivity of mental work" related to "the improvement of
the human mental processes," "facilitate the process of our
thinking", "economy thinking "and so on. d.
These and other facts and considerations support the conclusion:
to increase mental performance rights (for research purposes
which is considered by itself, so to speak, from the computer),
you need to minimize the costs of the human brain intelligence
unit created intellectual products.
Does staff productivity
On the performance of your computer?
What determines the integral intellectual productivity of a
large organization, actively uses computer technology? The total
time that staff spends on creative solution to a complex problem
is determined, in particular, to two factors. Firstly, passively
waiting time for a response from the computer; This time depends
on the speed of computers, so with increasing speed in many
(though not all) cases, it can be ignored. Secondly, the speed
of implementation of mental operations in the human brain
thinking problems.
It is clear that the rate of human thinking (understood as the
speed of the human brain in dealing with this or that production
targets) does not depend on the speed of the computer or on the
amount of computer memory and is determined entirely different
reasons. What then?
If we consider that while using the computer more than 99% of
the information received by a person of view, the most important
type of computer data (in terms of human perception) is written,
t. E. "Absorbs eyes" information that a certain way interacts
with the brain and has a major influence on his work. What is
this effect? Does the productivity of the brain on the quality
of information supplied to it? Apparently, yes. We can assume
that the human brain while solving intellectual problems depends
on the speed of perception, understanding and assimilation of
incoming messages to the brain, and the last - of the
visibility, clarity, sense of fullness and other useful
properties of the information material to be accurately and
clearly reflect the essence of the question, setting objectives
and the course of its decision. If any (including the most
complex) information will be presented on the basis of "look -
and it became clear" if due to a successful form of feed every
employee quickly looks into the heart of the matter, and in a
short time to perform the task, intelligent staff productivity
will certainly be high.
Can I increase the speed of work
The human brain?
How can I increase the productivity of the brain? Answer Here is
an example. Changing the language of the Roman numbers into the
language of Arabic numbers made it possible to dramatically
increase productivity when performing arithmetic operations. As
noted by David Marr, "this is the main reason why the Roman
culture could not develop the math as did the early Arab
culture."
Another example. It is known that the transition from
programming in machine code to autocode and assemblers, and then
high-level languages ??will significantly enhance programmer
productivity. Therefore, the performance depends on the
language: improving the language, you can increase productivity.
Based on this, we can assume: ceteris paribus the rate decision
by the human brain depends on the intellectual tasks of
cognitive quality professional language with which to address
these problems.
Cognitive quality - a set of language features that accelerate
the understanding and solution of problems, and to ensure
effective verification (check).The higher the quality of
cognitive language, the less intellectual effort a person spends
on learning, understanding and error-free solution to the
problem, the higher the productivity of his brain. Under
theverification is defined here as the identification of
inconsistencies, errors, weaknesses, sense of incompleteness and
other shortcomings in the human visual inspection written for
solving the problem presented on the screen or paper. A written
decision (written presentation of knowledge) is expressed
through signs, notations, drawings and diagrams written
language. And the language here is understood in the broadest
sense: for example, the user interface is a subset of resources
of professional language.
Many authors emphasize that the selection of effective language
can have a beneficial effect on the productivity of thinking.
For example, Ernst Schroeder writes that the successful use of
signs can significantly enhance human thinking.Unsuccessful
marks have an inhibitory effect on thinking. Signs need not only
to transmit our thoughts to others, but also for the formation
of thoughts themselves. Unsuccessful languages ??even able to
make a simple problem unsolvable.Conversely, a task to get
comfortable landmark expression is half solved.
Particularly successful are the latest visual language that can
be described as an effective method of graphic representation of
knowledge, allowing to reveal hidden reserves increase
productivity dvuhpolusharnogo brain. James Martin and Karma
McClure say: good, clear images played an important role in the
design of complex systems and development programs.Our ability
to think depends on the language that we use for thinking. The
images by which we describe complex processes are a form of
language. Suitable images help us to visualize and invent these
processes. Bad choice of images may deteriorate thinking.
Conversely, the use of good images can speed up and improve the
quality of the results.
This allows us to put forward the following working hypothesis:
to improve the mind, increase the productivity of the human
brain in dealing with intelligent production targets, it is
necessary to improve the cognitive characteristics of
professional language used in the performance of intellectual
work. This hypothesis is the basis for the development of the
language of dragons.
A formalized
PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE
With the advent of millions of personal computers access to
computer technology in addition to professional programmers got
two large groups of non-programming users. The first group
consists of people of relatively low and semi-skilled
secretaries, clerks, technicians, cashiers and other technical
workers. The second group consists of highly skilled experts of
the national economy and the social sphere: scientists,
engineers, technologists, economists, lawyers, and so on. D.
On the other hand, most of the computer park of the planet is
still used to solve relatively simple problems. For example, as
a typewriter in the documentation and editing texts in the mode
of the electronic pen while drawing drawings, diagrams and
pictures to enter, search, sort and send information and so on.
D. While these services are certainly useful and save a lot of
time, they almost does not concern one of the most important
issues: the professional knowledge and skills of highly
qualified specialists, ie. e. the content, the creative side of
solved complex professional tasks.
However, this is hardly surprising. For specialist knowledge
today in most cases they are in his own mind, and not in the
computer. In these circumstances, it is natural that the machine
can not process them. To get out of the situation, it is
necessary to do, at first glance, a very simple thing: to "pull"
from the head of the expert knowledge and "poke" them into the
computer, t. E. To carry out the so-called knowledge
formalization. Under these conditions, the computer can not
perform surface and deep process knowledge.
Today, only a very few specialists have the experience of the
national economy effective formalization of knowledge. The bulk
of the workers is bad, what is at stake. The reason is simple:
the old methods of formalization were so complicated that simply
frighten people. After this, I may say, "formalizing" the most
primitive of knowledge acquired is so cumbersome, arcane and
unnatural appearance that even a person who knows well, what it
is about looking at a formal record, perceived it as a
mysterious puzzle.
Traditional computer programming are sometimes treated as a
special case of formalization of knowledge. It argued that
programmers are better than others are able to formalize their
knowledge. This is not quite true. Much of the knowledge misses
the text of the program, remaining in the head programmer.
According to the academician A. Ershov, "programming language
encodes the problem domain objects, and our knowledge about
these objects remains outside the program text." That is why to
understand complex program in the absence of its author, it is
very difficult or even impossible. We have to admit that the
known methods of formalizing imperfect and in need of serious
updating.
Can we do without cognitive science?
There are two points of view on the problem of formalization.
According to one specialist with expertise (typically referred
to as "the expert"), are not able to independently, without help
formalize his knowledge, since the problem of formalization is
too difficult. Representative of this trend E. Feigenbaum
emphasizes: "By experience we know that most of the knowledge in
a particular subject area is private property specialist. And it
is not because he does not want to divulge their secrets, but
because he is unable to do so - after specialist knows much more
than he realizes. " Exaggerating, we can say that according to
the expert this position is somewhat like a dog: intelligent
eyes, and say (in a formal language) can not do anything. Hence
the conclusion that the solution to the problem of formalization
requires special assistant - engineers knowledge (cognitive
science), which, acting by a special technique, interviewing
experts, formalize the "lessons" of his knowledge and introduce
them to the computer.
It takes a different position G. Gromov believes that the expert
should formalize their knowledge on their own, without the help
of knowledge engineers and professional programmers, or more
precisely, when the "minimal technical support." This method is
called "avtoformalizatsiya knowledge" ^1.
Avtoformalizatsiya useful because it allows you to eliminate
unnecessary intermediaries and avoid the pitfalls of "broken
telephone". Here, however, the question arises. And whether the
expert to formalize their knowledge? Will not an impossible task
for him?
For such doubt there is good reason, because the old methods of
formalizing due to their complexity, practically eliminates the
possibility of successful goal achievement. Therefore, if we
really want to go to self-service in the formalization of
knowledge, the first thing to do - is to simplify the technology
of formalization.
What is the difference Algorithm
From the process?
Technology concept is very capacious. Technologies are very
different: industrial, agricultural, construction, medical,
environmental, educational, managerial. There are more specific
concepts, such as technology audit of banks and enterprises, and
so on. D. Scope of application of this concept is constantly
expanding. Recently, there was a term "election technologies",
t. E. Technology electoral campaigns for elections to the
authorities.
Let's try to find out whether the similarity between the
concepts of "algorithm" and "process"? Referring to the
definitions.
Algorithm - finite set of regulations defining solution of the
problem by the finite number of operations.The technological
process - a set of techniques and methods for the preparation,
handling or processing of raw materials, semi-finished products
or articles, carried out in industry, construction, agriculture
and other industries. A cursory analysis of these definitions
can lead to a false conclusion that the algorithms and processes
have nothing to do. However, in reality it is not.
It is known that the term "algorithm" is used more broadly to
represent the human activities in a strict sequence of
individual elementary actions or procedures and processes can be
defined as "a sequence designed to create a predetermined object
operations (process steps), each of which is based to any
natural processes (physical, chemical, biological and others.)
and human activities. " Careful analysis of these and many other
definitions shows that investigated the concept is largely the
same, and the differences in a sense, irrelevant. In other
words, the process and the algorithm - is the concept of twins
or at least "close relatives." To make this idea more
convincing, we try to move away from the traditional point of
view and propose new definitions.
Algorithm - a sequence of information actions leading to the
goal. The technological process - a series of information and
physical actions leading to the goal. Thus, the only difference
is that the algorithm physical actions are prohibited, and in
process technology - allowed. Examples of physical activities
are: transportation of cargo, heating parts, missile launch,
stitching wounds, and so on. D.
For our purposes, it would be convenient to define technology as
an activity (sequence), leading to the goal. While agreeing with
this approach, we are able to consider the algorithm and process
technology as special cases the technology, which acquired the
status of a generic concept.
WHAT IS THE LANGUAGE OF TECHNOLOGY?
According to the author, revealed similar concepts of
"algorithm" and "technical process" is fundamental and
far-reaching consequences. Unfortunately, this similarity has
not yet attracted the attention of scientists due, which led to
negative results and largely contributed to the division of
science into "isolated cells", creating unnecessary obstacles to
inter-sectoral and interdisciplinary contacts. Today,
programmers and technologists (in the broadest sense, including
agronomists, doctors, teachers, administrators, and so on. D.) -
It is different "castes" that receive different backgrounds and
speak different technical languages. Such barriers make it very
difficult communication between experts in solving the problems
of automation and work on interdisciplinary projects.
Called the lack of (difficulty understanding) can be reduced or
eliminated by creating a common language, equally convenient for
engineers, programmers and other specialists. To indicate the
language proposed term technological language (tehnoyazyk). The
first candidate for the role of language technology is a dragon.
Tehnoyazyk has a dual purpose. On the one hand, it provides an
opportunity (like any other algorithmic language) to design
algorithms, write programs and broadcast them in the object
code. On the other hand, it allows to unify the recording
processes of any nature in any domain. And do it in such a way
that the unified (standard) recording process technology is,
firstly, a more rigorous, free from gaps and ambiguities, and
secondly, more intuitive, straightforward, and very convenient
for the reader.
It should be emphasized that the purpose of the use of language
technology in the development of computer software and technical
processes are different. In the first case (creation of
programs) language allows the translation into machine code. In
the second case (technology description) are two possible
situations. If there is an automated control system and a
description of the technology is designed for the computer,
control process technology, the description is automatically
converted into a computer program, and the problem reduces to
the previous case. If the automated control system and control
computer are missing or are not required, and therefore do not
need a translation, the language is used as a unique solution of
problems and mutual understanding between people, which in
itself is an extremely valuable feature of language.
Thus, tehnoyazyk - a new type of language that combines
mathematical rigor algorithmic language of user-language
cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary communication, suitable for
a visual description of the technology and understanding between
professionals.
The thought of the possibility and feasibility of creating a
universal language based technology, in particular, on the
following assumptions. Ninety percent of the specialists
involved in the economy, do not know how to program.Meanwhile,
these people have successfully addressed the challenges they
face. So they have the knowledge about the sequence of actions
needed to solve their problems. These skills can be called
technological (mandatory, procedural, algorithmic). Thus, there
is a curious situation: the vast majority of economic
specialists have technological knowledge, but do not know how to
express them accurately (algorithmization) because there is
currently no easy and convenient language designed for
non-programmers, and is intended for algorithmization
(formalization) knowledge.
TECHNOLOGICAL AND declarative knowledge
Human knowledge expressed by any written language can be divided
into two parts: the technological ^one and declarative.
Technology (mandatory, procedural, algorithmic, operator)
contain information about the knowledge of the sequence of
information or physical activities, as well as the choice of the
way in the branching process. Examples include algorithms,
computer programs, as well as any processes (industrial,
agricultural, medical and so on. D.).
Declarative (descriptive, attribute, descriptive) - is not the
knowledge of the action, and descriptions of the information and
physical objects. An example of a typical entry in the database:
Surname Name Middle Yearbirth Education Position Relationshiplocation
Name
Ivanov Sergei Petrovich 1970 higher manager married
For the presentation of declarative knowledge the
representatives of different professions often use a variety of
declarative languages, including graphics (visual). For example,
declarative knowledge Designer expressed in the language of
design drawings, electrical - in the language of electrical
circuits, geography - in the language of maps.
For our purposes, a great interest is the question: is it
possible to create a single universal language presentation of
professional knowledge, easy to specialists of any profession
and allows you to improve communication between them?For
declarative knowledge the answer is likely to be negative.
Because you can not cross a snake with a hedgehog, and come up
with a reasonable and useful hybrid circuitry and the geographic
map (or engineering drawings). This path will inevitably lead to
a dead end.
So we have to put up with the conclusion that the specialists of
different professions will continue to use a lot of variety of
declarative languages. Unification is not possible ^1 .
In contrast to the declarative knowledge technological knowledge
specialists of any profile have exactly the same structure,
which does not depend on a particular specialty and subject
area. Hence the important conclusion: to display any
technological knowledge can use the same language, common to all
scientific and academic disciplines. This circumstance is
significant in three ways.
First, create favorable conditions for the construction of a
universal process language allows the expression of any
technological knowledge in any subject area into a single
standard form.
Second, the purpose (in the broadest sense of the word)
tehnoyazyk could play the role of intersecto
References
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