[HN Gopher] 40k coin tosses yield ambiguous evidence for dynamic...
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40k coin tosses yield ambiguous evidence for dynamical bias
 
Author : geocrasher
Score  : 153 points
Date   : 2022-06-03 14:57 UTC (8 hours ago)
 
web link (www.stat.berkeley.edu)
w3m dump (www.stat.berkeley.edu)
 
| wly_cdgr wrote:
| I guess to be more fair we better flip a coin to determine which
| way the coin should initially face when we flip it
 
| Imnimo wrote:
| I used to play a MUD (a text-based proto-MMORPG). It had a
| command to let you flip a coin. After many years, a player felt
| like they were noticing more tails than heads. They ran some
| experiments, and eventually an administrator checked the code -
| it turned out there was an off-by-one error in the coin flip
| logic (which inexplicably relied on generating a random number
| 1-10), such that coin flips had been 40/60 since the release of
| the game, and no one had noticed for over a decade.
 
  | nicoco wrote:
  | 30/60 maybe?
  | 
  | EDIT: probably not after reading the comments. I thought I was
  | smart ;)
 
    | feoren wrote:
    | 40/50 probably. One of the 10 numbers never showed up. 1-5
    | tails, 6-9 (should be 10) heads.
    | 
    | I ran into the same thing when I made a custom dice roller
    | for Settlers of Catan. Rand(1, 6) never produced a 6, which
    | you could tell if you inspected the comments closely, but
    | still feels counter-intuitive to me.
 
      | finnh wrote:
      | Our Catan set has noticeably nonuniform dice. They roll
      | high numbers much more frequently than low numbers;
      | presumably bc the high-numbered sides weigh less (?). We
      | haven't buckled down and done the science but it definitely
      | tilts the game play, to the extent that we're considering
      | swapping them out for new dice.
      | 
      | (or this could just be Catan Crankiness (TM), but we've all
      | noticed it quite a bit...)
 
      | sshine wrote:
      | On the subject of Catan and dice:
      | 
      | https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/dice/
 
    | infinityio wrote:
    | Either could be the case - if it was generating numbers from
    | 1-9 instead of 1-10 30/60, if it was comparing <= 5 vs <5 it
    | could be 40/60
 
      | Imnimo wrote:
      | Yeah, I'm almost certain it was the latter. I remember they
      | shared the code snippet, but that was in 2007 and the
      | game's forums have been replaced since then. I did find a
      | recounting of it:
      | 
      | https://forums.achaea.com/discussion/comment/249213/#Commen
      | t...
      | 
      | (and the associated quest to discover the easter egg of a
      | coin landing on its edge with 1 in a million odds that was
      | added when the bug was fixed)
 
  | dekhn wrote:
  | Huh. I once wrote a MUD client that didn't have an obviously
  | documented way to quit and got email for years after
  | complaining that I had "made the application too addictive".
 
  | ycombinete wrote:
  | Which MUD was this?
 
    | Imnimo wrote:
    | Achaea
 
      | 0des wrote:
      | What are the odds wow
 
  | strbean wrote:
  | My favorite baffling RNG bias was in the game Maplestory. It
  | always seemed like RNG was extremely "clumpy". For example,
  | critical hits would frequently come in bursts - you might get
  | around 5 seconds of non-stop crits.
  | 
  | The crafting system was heavily chance based. You'd get say 7
  | attempts to augment a piece of gear, using 'scrolls' that had a
  | certain percentage chance of succeeding. The lower the chance,
  | the bigger the improvement to your gear. So a pair of gloves
  | that had 7 successfully applied +attack 10% scrolls would be
  | incredibly valuable. The superstitious method to crafting
  | (which, anecdotally, worked incredibly well) was to get a ton
  | of gloves and a ton of scrolls, and apply one scroll to one
  | pair of gloves and throw them away if it failed. Once you had a
  | single success, you would apply the scrolls as quickly as
  | possible to try and ride the RNG wave. In my experience, this
  | would very frequently result in getting 3+ successes in a row.
 
| mertd wrote:
| I'm fixated on the fact that they used a dime. That's a very
| small coin. I can't say I fully understand the dynamical bias
| mechanics but u had expected that they use a quarter. It's much
| larger and easier to toss.
 
  | btilly wrote:
  | They wanted to test the dynamics on long tosses (with lots of
  | flipping). It is easier for a toss to be long if the coin is
  | small.
 
    | dekhn wrote:
    | "We adjusted the methods of the experiment for the
    | convenience of the experimenter" is a common detail most
    | papers leave out.
 
| frogger8 wrote:
| From the article
| 
| The experiment
| 
| Over the Spring 2009 semester two Berkeley undergraduates,
| Priscilla Ku and Janet Larwood, undertook to do the required
| 40,000 tosses. After preliminary experimentation with practical
| issues, there was formulated a specific protocol, described in
| detail below. Cutting to the chase, here is the complete data-set
| as a .xlsx spreadsheet (see sheet 2). This constitutes a
| potentially interesting data-set in many ways -- one could
| compare numerous theoretical predictions about pure randomness
| (lengths of runs, for instance) with this empirical data. For the
| specific question of dynamical bias, the relevant data can be
| stated very concisely
| 
| of 20,000 Heads-up tosses (tossed by Janet) 10231 landed Heads
| 
| of 20,000 Tails-up tosses (tossed by Priscilla) 10014 landed
| Tails
 
  | [deleted]
 
  | gus_massa wrote:
  | From
  | https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=binomial+distribution+...
  | the standard deviation is almost 71, so it's a 3.3 sigma for
  | Janet and .2 sigma for Priscilla. Since this is not particle
  | physics, we can conclude that Janet (or her coin) is doing
  | something wrong.
 
    | mjburgess wrote:
    | p isnt 0.5, which is the point of the article
    | 
    | cf. https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=binomial+distributio
    | n+n...
 
  | mjburgess wrote:
  | If there is the theoretical 50.8% we would expect 20,230 same-
  | face-up in 40,000 flips. We find here 20,245. Pretty
  | compelling.
 
  | zeroonetwothree wrote:
  | The data is consistent with a hypothesis that there is some
  | smaller bias in favor of the side you started with (say 50.4%)
  | and an additional bias in favor of heads (say 50.4%).
 
| GartzenDeHaes wrote:
| Coin tosses are not stochastic.
| https://www.npr.org/2004/02/24/1697475/the-not-so-random-coi...
 
  | semi-extrinsic wrote:
  | I think you're trying to say that they are not perfectly fair,
  | which is entirely unrelated to being stochastic.
 
    | fumeux_fume wrote:
    | Thank you!
 
    | t_mann wrote:
    | No, the article actually says that sufficiently precise
    | machine tosses can be considered deterministic. The
    | randomness comes from humans.
 
| DeathArrow wrote:
| I think that every physical system is a little biased. That's
| what they change the balls at lottery for every game.
| 
| I've read an article about a guy who was observing frequencies at
| roulette long time ago and, based on that, he made some wins. The
| casino learned that and switched the tables each day, so he
| wasn't able to win any more.
 
  | bombcar wrote:
  | There's someone who built a craps table and perfected exactly
  | how to throw the dice. If you control the inputs, you control
  | the output.
  | 
  | I could see someone learning exactly how to flip a coin to
  | control how it lands, or at least greatly influencing the
  | outcome.
 
  | macintux wrote:
  | Discussed here: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30489022
 
| 29athrowaway wrote:
| If you do a movement 40,000 times, you will be memorizing the
| movement.
 
| dieselgate wrote:
| I didn't read the paper with a fine toothed comb but it seems
| like the two undergraduate researchers were flipping the coins by
| hand? If anyone can confirm or deny I would very much appreciate
| it! Bringing this up because it seems to introduce much
| variability into each flip?
 
| benibela wrote:
| That reminds me of parapsychology
| 
| They have performed lots of experiments where you do a random
| experiment and try to change the outcome with your mind.
 
  | feoren wrote:
  | And this comment reminds me of one of my favorite articles I've
  | seen linked from HN, "The Control Group Is Out of Control",
  | relating to parapsychology as the control group for science and
  | how that's not actually necessarily looking great for science
  | itself: https://slatestarcodex.com/2014/04/28/the-control-
  | group-is-o...
 
    | closeparen wrote:
    | > It just means that the standard statistical methods of
    | science are so weak and flawed as to permit a field of study
    | to sustain itself in the complete absence of any subject
    | matter.
 
| t_mann wrote:
| Interesting experiment! Here's a suggestion for a new protocol:
| set up a stand at some busy places (stadiums, train stations,...)
| and ask random passers-by to toss a coin a few times 'for
| science'. Should be easier to get to statistically meaningful
| orders of magnitude (if not, go to a cosplay event in 'The
| Witcher' costumes, that should help ;)), and arguably far more
| representative for the situations that we care about: the two
| participants will have become far more experienced at coin
| tossing after 20k tosses, but we care more about random people
| who hardly ever toss coins (we already know that people who
| practice a lot can control the outcome of a toss with reasonable
| accuracy).
 
| dekhn wrote:
| I think my approach would be to build a coin-flip machine (well,
| several) that could operate independently, then use computer
| vision to get the final readout (the result of the flip). Then,
| if it deviates from expected, use a high speed camera to watch
| the coins. Oh, and randomize _everything_ about the trials.
 
  | 2b3a51 wrote:
  | As in the paper referenced in the OA?
  | 
  | https://statweb.stanford.edu/~cgates/PERSI/papers/dyn_coin_0...
  | 
  | Wasn't the idea to test the difference between human and
  | machine tosses?
 
    | dekhn wrote:
    | The link on that page doesn't resolve, nor is that what the
    | short writeup about the undergraduate work is about.
    | 
    | Most of what the statisticians conclude about the physics
    | seems to be based on poor experimental design. measuring
    | human biases in coin flips seems to be a bit off the point--
    | you'd do better building a machine that emulates humans
    | better, than to take two people and collect a large number of
    | samples between them.
    | 
    | Put another way: when somebody builds a robot and collections
    | the results of thousands of coin tosses, picking two
    | undergrads at stanford and using their physical mechanisms
    | does not advance any useful scientific argument about bias in
    | coin flipping. It just muddles reality with advanced stats on
    | heavily biased data.
 
  | gus_massa wrote:
  | Take a look at " _Dice-O-Matic hopper and elevator_ "
  | http://gamesbyemail.com/News/DiceOMatic HN discussions
  | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14806986 (246 points |
  | July 19, 2017 | 57 comments) and
  | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=626092 (81 points | May
  | 26, 2009 | 4 comments)
 
    | dekhn wrote:
    | yes, that's a design. It's hard to see the details because
    | the video is poor and the explanation is a bit rambling. It
    | looks much more complicated than necessary and from what I
    | can tell, the rolls themselves aren't truly independent
    | because dice can interact with each other.
 
| williamkuszmaul wrote:
| If the coin were unbiased, we could compute the exact probability
| of getting 10231 or more heads with 20000 flips as:
| 
| "sum (20000 choose x)/2^20000 for x from 10231 to 20000",
| 
| which Wolfram Alpha evaluates to 0.00056.
| 
| The probability of getting a number of flips that differs from
| 10000 by at least 231 is twice that, so about 0.001.
| 
| So, in fact, the probability of this happening by dumb luck is
| about 1/1000. That's pretty strong evidence.
 
  | [deleted]
 
| UberFly wrote:
| Bring on the robot baseball umpires and the NFL robot coin
| flippers.
 
| 1970-01-01 wrote:
| >>separate the effect of individual tossing style from any
| possible effect arising from the physical difference between
| Heads and Tails. But it is very hard to imagine any such physical
| effect, so we presume the observed difference (if real rather
| than just chance variation) is due to some aspect of different
| individual tossing style.
| 
| Much more boring title: "40k coin tosses reveal bad presumption
| and a biased coin"
 
| TheDesolate0 wrote:
| 40k seems a tad on the low side, by several orders of magnitude.
| 
| Seems like a hastily done spring projects
 
  | eklitzke wrote:
  | It was an undergraduate research project.
 
| h2odragon wrote:
| This field of study obviously needs a much larger number of
| tossers.
 
  | [deleted]
 
  | [deleted]
 
  | [deleted]
 
  | a9h74j wrote:
  | Next crypto class: Proof of coin tosses.
 
  | _jal wrote:
  | Too bad ibankers make too much to want to be study subjects.
 
| whoomp12342 wrote:
| If we are looking that granular of detail, does the shape and
| weight distribution of the coin matter?
 
| [deleted]
 
| sbf501 wrote:
| Referees need to start rolling a d20.
 
  | jonhohle wrote:
  | Isn't that why you "call it in the air"?
 
  | segfaultbuserr wrote:
  | Or just use von Neumann's debiasing algorithm - toss twice, and
  | see if it's head-tail or tail-head, retoss when you get
  | repeated heads or tails. It doesn't prevent dishonest tosses
  | (if you can manipulate the bias in each toss), but should work
  | to eliminate a consistent dynamic bias by an honest tosser.
 
| mrandish wrote:
| > A first comment is that it would have been better for each
| individual to have done both "Heads up"and "Tails up" tosses
| (which was part of the intended protocol, but on this aspect of
| the protocol there was a miscommunication)
| 
| That was a pretty unfortunate error in the experiment. Maybe it
| doesn't matter but now we don't know. It would also have been
| nice to have them swap coins halfway to expose any individual per
| coin biasing. It may seem like an irrelevant thing but I've been
| a lifelong magician specializing in advanced slight of hand coin
| magic. I carry a set of coins with me all day, every day and
| handle them constantly. It started out as practice but evolved
| into both practice and a kind of fidget toy. I have sets of coins
| I've probably handled for thousands of hours over decades.
| 
| Most people think of coins as immutable but they actually change
| quite a bit after hundreds of hours of handling. Most advanced
| coin magicians don't tend to use "trick" coins from a magic shop
| because they are actually too limiting. The coins I use are
| completely normal circulated coins but they are very specific
| because there are subtle differences in how coins handle which,
| at the most advanced levels, can matter. I have year-matched sets
| of coins I've carefully assembled because they have the degree of
| surface wear (sometimes called 'softness') and edge-milling which
| works best for the style of slights I do. Coins also vary in
| shape and many aren't quite round. I've actually hired a
| specialized machinist (aka coin-smith) to 'true-up' the shape and
| then re-mill the edges of certain coins.
| 
| Based on my admittedly unusual experience in handling coins, I
| suspect that weight, edge and surface variations in individual
| coins could have a material aerodynamic impact at this
| statistical level (sub-half a percent). BTW, there are coin
| magicians who have mastered the ability to flip a normal coin and
| control the outcome to >95%. While the coin is normal in every
| way, it does need to be a coin they've specifically trained with.
| Otherwise the hit rate falls considerably.
 
  | modernerd wrote:
  | Please send us further down this rabbit hole, it sounds
  | fascinating!
  | 
  | What sort of flourishes/fidgets do you find yourself
  | gravitating to most?
  | 
  | What does great sleight of hand coin magic look like? Who do
  | you admire most?
  | 
  | Where should someone get started if they want to explore this?
 
    | mrandish wrote:
    | > What sort of flourishes/fidgets do you find yourself
    | gravitating to most?
    | 
    | There are a huge variety and it's mostly down to personal
    | preference. Popular flourishes include coin rolls and coin
    | stars. Popular slights include dozens of different palms with
    | single and then multiple coins.
    | 
    | > What does great sleight of hand coin magic look like?
    | 
    | Done right it can be absolutely mind-blowing. For an example
    | take a look at some of Danny Goldsmith's videos
    | (https://www.dannygoldsmithmagic.com/). Danny is very, very
    | good but like a lot of specialized skills, those who aren't
    | deeply into it won't be able to notice a meaningful
    | difference between the top 20% of coin workers.
    | 
    | > Who do you admire most?
    | 
    | That's really down to personal taste and style. One unusual
    | thing about magic is that the "best magicians" in the eyes of
    | other experienced magicians are generally people you've never
    | heard of. Fame doesn't really correlate with the pinnacle of
    | skill. While most famous magicians like a David Copperfield
    | are skilled, they would be the first to tell you they can't
    | hold a candle to the most skilled coin workers or card
    | mechanics.
    | 
    | > Where should someone get started if they want to explore
    | this?
    | 
    | For _serious_ coin work, Danny 's teaching videos would be a
    | good start. Look for ones he flags as being appropriate for
    | novices. For learning the art of magic in general, I'd
    | suggest not wasting money buying individual "tricks" unless
    | you just want a few easy party tricks to amaze (or annoy)
    | friends with. Most people who get deep into magic discover
    | that the most valuable and broadly applicable knowledge comes
    | from books, videos and live learning (called "sessioning" by
    | close-up workers). I don't buy much magic in recent years
    | because I'm at the point of just perfecting skills, so it's
    | hard to recommend an online store but a safe bet for
    | beginners would be Vanishing Inc.
    | https://www.vanishingincmagic.com/. The guys that run VI are
    | deeply experienced and they seem to avoid selling a lot of
    | the 'crap magic' that looks amazing to novices but isn't
    | actually all that useful. I was at a lecture by the co-
    | founder a few weeks ago and the guy not only has deep
    | knowledge and mad skills, he clearly loves magic and is good
    | at teaching.
    | 
    | If you just want to watch some higher-quality magical
    | performances, I'd suggest Penn & Teller's "Fool Us" show
    | (lots of clips on YouTube). The technical coordinator on that
    | show, Michael Weber, is a long-time magical inventor and
    | author who is well-regarded by other magicians. He and Teller
    | work together to curate the acts that get on the show and
    | you're basically getting to see some top notch talent hand
    | selected by guys who know the difference.
 
  | tash9 wrote:
  | Well it's not like we're gonna run out of undergraduates, just
  | do the experiment again.
 
  | tetris11 wrote:
  | Unrelated question: how do your hands look after handling coins
  | so constantly as you do? Is there a slight sheen to them? Do
  | you have less hair on your hands than you normally would, or
  | more?
 
    | mrandish wrote:
    | No, there's no noticeable difference in the skin surface of
    | my hands. Over years of practice, serious coin workers do
    | develop substantial hand muscle strength and joint
    | flexibility but that's not visually noticeable. It's also
    | just a byproduct of practice and not needed for most of what
    | we do. The key physical ability isn't applying force, it's
    | actually enhanced sensitivity. I can feel precisely where the
    | coins are and feel how the weight is shifting as they move.
    | This sensitivity enables precise control which is really the
    | key thing.
 
      | spdionis wrote:
      | Funnily enough, but also not surprising, it's the same for
      | drummers and their preferred type of sticks.
 
      | raincom wrote:
      | It is called "kinesthesia", which is important in playing
      | musical instruments, sports, flying aircraft, etc. With
      | respect to flying, pilots trained by Army (navy, airforce)
      | develop these skills far better than those directly
      | recruited by carriers from colleges. We can see those
      | results in some fatal crashes (Air France 447, Asiana 214).
      | I am not blaming the pilots. When one flies with the aid of
      | machines (fly by wire, simulators), one doesn't develop the
      | kinesthesia required to get out of tricky situations(when
      | instruments don't work or when instruments misread, etc).
 
      | AndyNemmity wrote:
      | The same is true for card magicians, and card handling. I
      | have a lot of things I can do with my hands and joints that
      | aren't something you can see.
      | 
      | Same with enhanced sensitivity. I can fairly accurately
      | tell you how many cards I pick up from a group. It's just
      | practice, once you can do 2, you do 3, all the way up to
      | 10, to 15 to 20.
 
        | posterboy wrote:
        | Is that a kind of subdigitizing?
 
  | gfodor wrote:
  | Imagine being in the room when they realized that, after forty
  | thousand coin tosses, they screwed up the experiment. Oops.
 
    | ihattendorf wrote:
    | Then it becomes an 80k coin toss experiment :)
 
      | sillysaurusx wrote:
      | This is how ML training goes. My longest run was 2 months
      | before it collapsed.
 
  | the__alchemist wrote:
  | That's super interesting! Of note, the book Quicksilver (First
  | book in the Baroque Cycle) goes into a few diatribes about
  | subtle differences in coins in Europe a few hundred years ago;
  | eg coins being valued by metrics other than their face value.
  | 
  | Eg: > "I say, Daniel, is it true what they say, that those
  | coins are perfectly circular?"
  | 
  | > "They are, Isaac--not like the good old English hammered
  | coins that you and I carry in such abundance in our pockets and
  | purses." ... >"if someone clips or files a bit of metal off the
  | edge of a round coin with a milled edge, it is immediately
  | obvious."
  | 
  | > "That must be why everyone is melting those new coins down as
  | fast as they are minted, and shipping the metal to the
  | Orient...?" Daniel began,
  | 
  | > "...making it impossible for the likes of me and my friend to
  | obtain them," Isaac finished.
  | 
  | > "Now there is a good idea--if you can show me coins of a
  | bright silver color--not that black stuff--I'll weigh them and
  | accept them as bullion."
  | 
  | > "Bullion! Sir!"
  | 
  | > "Yes."
  | 
  | > "I have heard that this is the practice in China," Isaac said
  | sagely. "But here in England, a shilling is a shilling."
  | 
  | > "No matter how little it weighs!?"
  | 
  | > "Yes. In principle, yes."
  | 
  | > "So when a lump of metal is coined in the Mint, it takes on a
  | magical power of shillingness, and even after it has been filed
  | and clipped and worn down to a mere featureless nodule, it is
  | still worth a full shilling?"
  | 
  | > You exaggerate," Daniel said. "I have here a fine Queen
  | Elizabeth shilling, for example--which I carry around, mind
  | you, as a souvenir of Gloriana's reign, since it is far too
  | fine a specimen to actually spend. But as you can see, it is
  | just as bright and shiny as the day it was minted--"
  | 
  | > "Especially where it's recently been clipped there along the
  | side," the lens-grinder said.
  | 
  | > "Normal, pleasing irregularity of the hand-hammered currency,
  | nothing more."
 
    | 0des wrote:
    | Are we all in the same book club or something?
 
      | gibspaulding wrote:
      | A substantial chunk of the books I read are based on HN
      | recommendations, so... yes?
 
      | robwwilliams wrote:
      | Egghead book club. Neal Stephenson, Greg Bear, Greg Egan...
 
  | User23 wrote:
  | > BTW, there are coin magicians who have mastered the ability
  | to flip a normal coin and control the outcome to >95%.
  | 
  | I managed 11 heads in a row with a quarter when I was in high
  | school. I was intentionally going for heads so it was either
  | beginner's luck or an absurd statistical fluke.
 
    | onphonenow wrote:
    | Even when not trained if you are basically looking to
    | "repeat" a motion, you can get a reasonably consistent flip.
    | A lot of folks think these far out results are just
    | statistics, but statistics actually tells us how incredibly
    | rare this would be.
    | 
    | 11 in a row is perhaps still part fluke without training, but
    | as long as you were trying to do the same thing again not
    | unreasonable.
 
      | [deleted]
 
    | kadoban wrote:
    | If you're not using a specific technique, that was just a
    | fluke.
    | 
    | I'm not a magician, I just learned this one trick/set-of-
    | tricks (and I'm not 95% success at it either).
 
    | [deleted]
 
| swayvil wrote:
| Would a true rng (electron noise or whatever) be an acceptable
| substitute for physical coinflipping?
| 
| Has anybody tried this while under the influence of "psychic
| power enhancers" (psychedelics, meditation, sex, etc)?
 
| zuminator wrote:
| They mentioned that when A tossed the coin, B would record the
| result on a spreadsheet. But did A know the result of each coin
| toss as it happened and read it off to B, or did B whisk the coin
| out of A's hand without A's knowledge of the outcome? Ideally it
| should be without knowledge of the outcome, so that A's tossing
| style wouldn't be subconsciously influenced by the result in a
| kind of self-inflicted Clever Han(d)s effect.
 
| deweller wrote:
| > of 20,000 Heads-up tosses (tossed by Janet) 10231 landed Heads
| 
| > of 20,000 Tails-up tosses (tossed by Priscilla) 10014 landed
| Tails
| 
| Why not do 10,000 Heads-up and 10,000 Tails-up tosses for each
| person?
 
  | pc86 wrote:
  | > > _A first comment is that it would have been better for each
  | individual to have done both "Heads up"and "Tails up" tosses
  | (which was part of the intended protocol, but on this aspect of
  | the protocol there was a miscommunication)_
 
| lumost wrote:
| From a physics stand point, coin tossing is similar to knife
| throwing or axe throwing. It's completely within human capability
| to intentionally or unintentionally time the toss with some
| degree of accuracy. I doubt anyone can be "good" at this
| (otherwise it would be a great grifting trick), but surely this
| creates at least a marginal bias in the data at a high enough
| scale.
 
  | paxys wrote:
  | People can definitely get "good" at coin tossing. It isn't even
  | too difficult a trick to master. It's not really possible to
  | use it in any kind of grift scenario though, because there
  | aren't any real world cases where you can win money (or gain
  | any advantage) just by tossing a coin a certain way. Rolling
  | dice has a lot more potential, but those are in turn heavily
  | monitored, e.g. in casino settings.
 
    | JulianWasTaken wrote:
    | > there aren't any real world cases where you can win money
    | (or gain any advantage) just by tossing a coin a certain way.
    | 
    | Paying off a referee to have the coin turn up heads in
    | overtime in a football game seems like it may net you some
    | profit.
 
      | paxys wrote:
      | If you can pay off a referee then the coin toss would be
      | the least effective way to do it. A single bad call would
      | gain you a much bigger advantage.
 
        | dTal wrote:
        | It has far more plausible deniability, however.
 
        | bluGill wrote:
        | Maybe. It only takes one bad call at the right time to
        | throw a game. If the ref is consistently bad and missing
        | call for both sides what is one more bad call?
        | 
        | I don't care much about bad refs so long as they are
        | consistently bad. However a perfect ref who missing one
        | critical call is a lot more suspicious. Of course I
        | prefer a great ref, but I can work with a fairly bad ref.
 
      | aidenn0 wrote:
      | I believe NFL coin tosses let the coin hit the ground. All
      | methods I know of biasing a coin toss involve catching the
      | coin. As long as the coin hits the ground and bounces at
      | least once, a lot of randomness is re-introduced.
 
  | samatman wrote:
  | Forcing a coin toss of the sort described in the article is
  | well within reach of the interested stage magician.
  | 
  | Forcing a coin toss of the kind used in sport, where the coin
  | hits the ground, is more difficult.
 
    | feynmanalgo wrote:
    | You don't have to be a magician. I was impressing other kids
    | doing exactly this, you just toss so the coin goes high but
    | turns slowly and catch it in your hand rather than let if
    | fall to the ground. After not so many tries you get a pretty
    | good intuition on how you have to throw to get the desired
    | result.
 
      | samatman wrote:
      | It works the other way around, this kind of trick is
      | (stage) magic so if you're doing it, hey presto, you're a
      | magician.
 
      | kadoban wrote:
      | There's also a particular method to get the coin in a
      | tilted spin that looks (and sounds) _remarkably_ like a
      | real flip, and is I think going to be more repeatable than
      | what you're describing.
 
  | posterboy wrote:
  | It wouldn't be. People who fall for shell games have to accept
  | that it's fishy and just want to show they are better.
 
  | bitcurious wrote:
  | When I was around 15 I tried to master the controlled coin
  | flip, having been exposed to the idea in one of the Stainless
  | Steel Rat books by Harry Harrison. I reached around 80% success
  | flipping for heads, so long as I used the catch-and-show
  | method. It was easier with heavier and bigger coins, tougher
  | with lighter and smaller ones. Letting the coin drop the the
  | ground and bounce took me back to 50%.
  | 
  | Satisfied that it could be done, I moved on - never used the
  | skill, except as a party trick.
 
    | gfodor wrote:
    | This is why the casino people get upset when you roll the
    | dice at a craps table and continually avoid hitting the back
    | wall. The rubber pyramids lining the wall are critical to
    | ensuring they maintain their edge :)
 
    | raegis wrote:
    | Same here. Long ago I tried to generate an encryption key by
    | flipping a coin. After getting a rhythm and flipping heads 20
    | consecutive times I gave up.
 
      | titzer wrote:
      | You could still XOR longer runs together, reducing the
      | bitrate but mostly eliminating the bias.
 
  | TimesOldRoman wrote:
  | Even that poses a fun test. What flipping method is needed to
  | ensure some level of randomness.
  | 
  | I love that idea of a grifter being able to flip a coin as they
  | choose.
 
    | MisterBastahrd wrote:
    | Probably a device that would uniformly toss the coin with
    | regards to force applied at X number of different strengths.
 
      | ChadNauseam wrote:
      | Or have both people flip a coin secretly, then reveal the
      | coins and XOR the results :D
 
    | faheel wrote:
    | Maybe letting the coin fall on a hard surface, so that it has
    | a chance to bounce/spin randomly before falling flat (or
    | staying on its side!)
 
  | Jaepa wrote:
  | Antidotally I can confirm that it is possible toss a coin like
  | that. It helps have a larger coin and to impart it with
  | relatively little rotation.
 
    | TedDoesntTalk wrote:
    | I can consistently flip a US quarter and get the desired
    | outcome. I have not measured accuracy but is definitely 80%
    | or more. This can be with a quarter I just picked up at a
    | store... no special wear.
 
  | williamkuszmaul wrote:
  | From what I've heard, Perci Diaconis (one of the authors of the
  | original paper) actually could do this. He was a magician
  | before he became a mathematician, and a lot of his early
  | mathematics work focused on math relating to the magic tricks
  | he used to do
 
    | dhosek wrote:
    | Art Benjamin at Harvey Mudd College is another
    | magician/mathematician. The two skills line up pretty well,
    | it seems. When I got my math teaching credential there were
    | two people in my cohort who did magic tricks as well as at
    | least one teacher at the school where I did my student
    | teaching.
 
  | [deleted]
 
  | kloch wrote:
  | In roulette this is known as the "dealers signature" where a
  | bored zoned out dealer can sometimes hit the same region/sector
  | of the wheel on consecutive spins.
  | 
  | I've seen this happen (or at least appear to happen) in real
  | life where an obviously bored dealer was consistently hitting
  | the same 1/3'd of the wheel and players were taking advantage
  | of it. After a while a suit shows up and starts giving heat not
  | to the players but to the _dealer_. Chatting them up with
  | nonsense conversation to distract them out of their zone. This
  | wasn 't a pit boss/supervisor but casino security - guys that
  | emerge from back rooms to give heat to card counters in
  | blackjack.
  | 
  | The distraction worked: the now very awake and nervous dealer
  | was no longer hitting similar areas and the players moved on to
  | other tables.
 
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