[HN Gopher] Kaiten: Japan's fully-manned kamikaze torpedos durin...
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Kaiten: Japan's fully-manned kamikaze torpedos during WWII
 
Author : metabagel
Score  : 51 points
Date   : 2022-05-19 16:47 UTC (6 hours ago)
 
web link (www.warhistoryonline.com)
w3m dump (www.warhistoryonline.com)
 
| [deleted]
 
| trzy wrote:
| Suicide torpedoes were proposed by the Polish military in 1939
| and the program appears to have gotten as far as signing up
| recruits but to my knowledge none were ever deployed.
 
  | zardo wrote:
  | The first submarine that sunk an enemy ship (h.l. Hunley) was a
  | suicide torpedo with a crew of 8.
 
    | saberdancer wrote:
    | Not intentionally.
 
      | corrral wrote:
      | My recollection from Cussler's version of the story was
      | that the detachable torpedo on their bow (the idea was to
      | ram a pointy torpedo on the bow of the sub into the enemy
      | ship, detach, then it blows up on a delay so the sub could
      | escape, IIRC) got stuck and didn't detach properly.
 
        | zardo wrote:
        | All that's known for sure (since it was found and raised
        | a few years ago) is that it was close enough to the
        | explosion for the shockwave to kill the crew, but far
        | enough away to not damage the sub itself.
 
        | robonerd wrote:
        | Historically, torpedoes were bombs on the end of sticks
        | that you'd ram the enemy with, but these were generally
        | not intended to be suicide weapons (the stick was for
        | safety.) Self-propelled torpedoes came later, and the
        | original bomb-on-a-stick sort of torpedo may now be
        | called "spar torpedoes."
 
    | jessriedel wrote:
    | The Hunley was not a suicide torpedo. It was a new and highly
    | dangerous submarine. The crew died shortly after sinking the
    | Union's Housatonic, but their death was accidental rather
    | than a necessary part of the attack method.
    | 
    | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Hunley_(submarine)
 
      | zardo wrote:
      | IIRC, things may have gone according to plan. That is the
      | suicide was accidental, but it was designed in. They didn't
      | understand that shockwaves would travel further underwater
      | and getting to safety may not have been possible.
 
      | Simon_O_Rourke wrote:
      | That's frightening, first crew drowns in it, so they raise
      | it off the seabed, clean out the bodies and send in another
      | crew who also drown. Then they raise it again for a third
      | crew to take over. At this stage I'd be like "mister,
      | thanks but no thanks".
 
  | robonerd wrote:
  | The Nazis planned to use similar suicide tactics with a manned
  | version of their V-1 cruise missile. They built and flew
  | prototypes, but Hitler was persuaded to drop the project before
  | it was put to use.
  | 
  | Formalized suicide attack programs with purpose-built hardware
  | are chilling to think about, but there is also a broader class
  | of suicide attacks that include impromptu decisions and last
  | resorts which seem easier to understand. On both sides of WW2,
  | there are cases of pilots trying to crash into the enemy after
  | realizing their fate was sealed anyway. This may have happened
  | with an American B-26 at the Battle of Midway, and one of the
  | Japanese pilots who attacked Pearl Harbor apparently announced
  | his intention to do this before the battle (in both cases they
  | missed their target.)
 
    | jillesvangurp wrote:
    | The Russian army also had some chilling tactics. Basically
    | they had more soldiers than guns during the battle of
    | Stalingrad. So they sent them in pairs where one person was
    | supposed to pick up the gun in the (likely) case the other
    | person got shot. To prevent people from refusing orders, they
    | simply shot anyone running the wrong way. Ordering people to
    | march towards (almost) certain death is probably as old as
    | war is.
    | 
    | What set the Japanese apart is the fanatical culture that
    | resulted in people volunteering for this. The modern
    | equivalent would be suicide bombers.
 
      | corrral wrote:
      | > The Russian army also had some chilling tactics.
      | Basically they had more soldiers than guns during the
      | battle of Stalingrad. So they sent them in pairs where one
      | person was supposed to pick up the gun in the (likely) case
      | the other person got shot. To prevent people from refusing
      | orders, they simply shot anyone running the wrong way.
      | Ordering people to march towards (almost) certain death is
      | probably as old as war is.
      | 
      | This was depicted in the film Enemy at the Gates
      | (2001)--and probably other, earlier films, I'd expect--and
      | then strikingly similarly (i.e. they likely deliberately
      | modeled their version on the scene from the film) in the
      | first Call of Duty game (2003), back when that series was
      | all WWII shooters.
 
        | the_af wrote:
        | It should be noted this was false at Stalingrad, and
        | "Enemy at the Gates" has a terribly inaccurate depiction
        | of that battle.
        | 
        | There are no reliable sources stating that the Red Army
        | [1] had more soldiers than guns by that time. Just some
        | pop culture from a terrible movie that has somehow
        | permeated into "knowledge" about the Eastern Front.
        | 
        | [1] also wrong to call it "the Russian army", it was the
        | army of the Soviet Union and had non-Russians.
 
        | trzy wrote:
        | I've heard that they did order soldiers to advance
        | through mine fields (effectively de-mining a path through
        | them using abundant human bodies) or face the NKVD. The
        | calculation was simple: you might survive the minefield
        | but you had a 100% chance of being executed for refusing
        | the order.
 
        | the_af wrote:
        | You "heard" where? And during which part of the battle of
        | Stalingrad was this?
 
        | sleiben wrote:
        | It's from Eisenhower's book `Crusade in Europe` where he
        | tells a story from general Georgy Zhukov how Soviet
        | soldiers were cleaning the minefields.
        | 
        | Though it's not related to Stalingrad afair.
 
        | corrral wrote:
        | Interesting. More evidence that CoD copied the film,
        | then, I suppose.
 
      | the_af wrote:
      | Your understanding of the Red Army is incorrect. Please
      | cite academic sources (so not Enemy at the Gates, awful
      | movie) showing that _at Stalingrad_ the Red Army had  "more
      | soldiers than guns".
 
        | golergka wrote:
        | Never saw that movie, but it's pretty much common
        | knowledge in modern Russia, and was described in very
        | numerous accounts by war veterans.
 
        | the_af wrote:
        | It's still wrong. The Red Army didn't have a guns
        | shortage at Stalingrad.
        | 
        | "Common knowledge" is not knowledge, not in "modern
        | Russia" either. Cite one academic source, please.
 
    | trhway wrote:
    | >a broader class of suicide attacks that include impromptu
    | decisions and last resorts which seem easier to understand.
    | 
    | In USSR/Russia such attacks by Soviet soldiers (using say
    | your body to close the machine gun embrasure) have been
    | widely celebrated. Where is similar behavior by Ukrainian
    | soldiers against Russian forces in today's war is blamed by
    | Russian propaganda on "Ukrainian nationalists being pumped
    | full of drugs".
 
| alexdowad wrote:
| There is a manga series based on the history of the "kaiten",
| called "Tokkou no Shima" (Te Gong noDao ), which is pretty good.
| 
| It depicts the commander of a kaiten-bearing submarine as lying
| to his superiors and reporting that each of the kaiten launched
| from his submarine sunk US ships, when in fact none of them hit
| their targets. It is implied that reporting anything but success
| was unacceptable, and the Japanese military leadership expanded
| this program because of being misled by such false or exaggerated
| reports.
 
| sbassi wrote:
| Interesting is that some post below this one there is a small
| book with a washed-up version of Shinto, that is the ideology
| that lead to this and other war atrocities.
 
  | ThrowawayR2 wrote:
  | You perhaps meant to say bushido, the extremist warrior code
  | embraced by Japanese samurai
  | (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushido), instead of (state)
  | Shinto, the modified religion that encouraged nationalism and
  | emperor worship (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Shinto)?
 
  | krapp wrote:
  | The ideology that led to this and other war atrocities was
  | Western imperialism. State Shinto[0] blended the Imperial
  | government's authoritarian doctrine with religion in a similar
  | way that Nazism did with German culture, but was more a matter
  | of propaganda than religion. In particular, emperor worship was
  | an invention of the state and not an aspect of traditional
  | Shinto practice.
  | 
  | [0]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Shinto
 
    | bowsamic wrote:
    | Sorry that you're getting downvoted, this is a totally
    | accurate and well informed take
 
  | robonerd wrote:
  | It's not something special to Shinto. Similar programs have
  | been proposed and developed (if not actually carried out) in
  | many other ideological contexts. The Chinese used suicide
  | tactics against the Japanese, as did the South Koreans against
  | North Korean tanks. America built a man-portable nuclear bomb
  | and although it came with a timer, the soldiers who were
  | trained to deploy it believed this would be a suicide mission.
 
  | bowsamic wrote:
  | Buddhism was also used to support the war. Are you going to
  | claim that Buddhism is an ideology that led to war atrocities?
  | 
  | Btw Shinto wasn't even made into an official religion until the
  | Meiji restoration, really it should be thought of as Kami
  | worship, and depending on the Kami it involves very different
  | things. Buddhism and Shinto were also heavily syncretised until
  | the Meiji restoration. The Buddhist bodhisattvas and Buddhas
  | were even made into kami iirc
 
    | kergonath wrote:
    | > Are you going to claim that Buddhism is an ideology that
    | led to war atrocities?
    | 
    | There is nothing special about Buddhism. Any ideology can be
    | used to justify atrocities and none of them should be
    | considered unimpeachable. Just ask the Rohingya.
 
      | bowsamic wrote:
      | Yes but I don't see them making that claim, but they
      | should. Maybe you misread my comment, I wasn't saying "are
      | you even going to claim that _Buddhism_ has led to war
      | crimes?", I'm asking if the poster will also commit to that
      | point, since they must also do so logically
 
| nosianu wrote:
| Aside from this article, just continuing to scroll down reveals
| quite a few interesting headlines.
| 
| Here's one I found particularly interesting in light of current
| events and reports of looting:
| 
| "How German Soldiers Used Lentil Soup as an Effective Defense
| Mechanism Against the Soviets"
| 
| https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/lentil.html
| 
| To gain time for a retreat they cooked soup for the attacking
| underfed Russian soldiers. The ruse was successful.
| 
| > _The Soviets were hot on their heels at first, but once they
| reached the steaming pots of soup the scent was simply too much
| to resist. The hungry Soviet troops clambered over each other to
| grab some of the soup, inadvertently giving the Germans more
| time._
 
  | sandworm101 wrote:
  | There would need to be some very specific circumstances for
  | this to work. The general rule of all cooking is that it takes
  | much longer to cook food than to eat it. So spending time
  | cooking soup, rather than fleeing, would be a net loss of time.
  | Whatever time the Russians were delayed eating your soup would
  | be less than the time you were delayed in making it.
  | 
  | The only way it would work would be to just put the pot over
  | the fire and run. Without someone watchin it, the window of
  | time between soup getting hot and soup burning/boiling into
  | nothing would be slim. A more likely version might be that
  | starving Russian troops were so hungry that, upon finding
  | ingredients left out, they stopped to make soup themselves.
 
    | scrumbledober wrote:
    | throw some ingredients in a pot, put it on the stove, and
    | high tail it out of there. if it takes 20 minutes for the
    | Russians to show up there's a nice fresh pot of lentil soup
    | waiting for them
 
    | ericbarrett wrote:
    | You can keep a covered pot of lentils on a warm stove (or
    | campfire) for hours, maybe days if the temp is right.
 
    | NicoJuicy wrote:
    | Not everyone needs to stay to cook soup :)
 
    | rightbyte wrote:
    | The persuit might be triggered by the Germans retreating. So
    | the Soviet soldiers might not have advanced unless there was
    | a retreat.
 
  | robonerd wrote:
  | I never found a source for this, but I once heard that during
  | the Second Punic War the Roman senate stalled Hannibal's army
  | in a similar manner, using prostitutes.
 
  | [deleted]
 
| pcurve wrote:
| "The advantages of human guidance throughout the craft's
| trajectory proved to be of little use in practice, with kaitens
| causing minimal damage to the enemy"
| 
| I wonder if it could've been more successful with more warhead
 
  | giva wrote:
  | Italy had something similar, not designed to kill its own crew
  | however.
  | 
  | https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluro_a_lenta_corsa
 
    | schoen wrote:
    | The SLC doesn't seem to have its own page in English
    | Wikipedia, but is covered in the article
    | 
    | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_torpedo
    | 
    | which also includes some other countries' versions (it seems
    | like the Italian SLC might have been the most-used of these).
 
  | jandrese wrote:
  | I don't think the issue is that they didn't do enough damage on
  | a hit, rather that the mostly missed their targets. WWII
  | torpedoes, even the relatively excellent Japanese versions,
  | didn't have a good hit rate in the war. Steering with a
  | periscope in choppy seas while managing ballast levels and in
  | less than ideal conditions is incredibly difficult. While the
  | crews were trained that training couldn't be too comprehensive
  | as the Japanese training corps were already stretched thin and
  | all training resources spent on these pilots are ultimately
  | lost on their first mission.
  | 
  | Even in the article the success they noted was against an
  | anchored ship, something you are much more likely to be able to
  | hit with a conventional unguided torpedo.
  | 
  | There is also the environment of the war itself and logistical
  | problems with these devices. The article notes that they can't
  | be carried in a regular torpedo tube, so they had to be
  | attached as a parasite on the top of the sub. But this
  | prevented the sub from doing crash dives, which were vital to
  | staying alive when allied fighters and bombers appeared
  | overhead, which was a constant threat by the time these were
  | available. They were just underdeveloped and then the war was
  | over. Shortly after that people started working out self-
  | guidance systems for torpedoes and the the book was forever
  | closed on these man guided systems.
 
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