[HN Gopher] Serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and ...
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Serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and behavior
 
Author : pier25
Score  : 146 points
Date   : 2022-01-09 16:35 UTC (6 hours ago)
 
web link (www.pnas.org)
w3m dump (www.pnas.org)
 
| nybsop wrote:
| This study tests judgement but then makes conclusions about
| behavior when behavior was never actually tested.
| 
| Is this science?
 
| daenz wrote:
| >This harm-avoidant bias after citalopram was also evident in
| behavior during the ultimatum game, in which subjects decide to
| accept or reject fair or unfair monetary offers from another
| player. Rejecting unfair offers enforces a fairness norm but also
| harms the other player financially. Enhancing serotonin made
| subjects less likely to reject unfair offers.
| 
| So essentially a subject with enhanced serotonin was more likely
| to be exploited?
| 
| >Enhancing serotonin made subjects more likely to judge harmful
| actions as forbidden, but only in cases where harms were
| emotionally salient.
| 
| What does "emotionally salient" here mean?
 
  | whatshisface wrote:
  | "A single death is a tragedy, a million deaths are a
  | statistic." - Joseph Stalin
  | 
  | It's saying that serotonin doesn't make you a better person or
  | more fair in an objective sense, it just strengthens your
  | feelings of empathy, which makes you a better person whenever
  | the good and your feelings about it are by chance aligned.
 
| jollybean wrote:
| "Enhancing serotonin made subjects more likely to judge harmful
| actions as forbidden, but only in cases where harms were
| emotionally salient. "
| 
| "Together, these findings provide unique evidence that serotonin
| could promote prosocial behavior by enhancing harm aversion, "
| 
| I object to the notion that 'less harm' is necessarily 'pro
| social'.
| 
| You can see the _emotional_ attachment to  'harm' which confirms
| my biases in that people have difficulty mapping the moral issues
| with harm against their emotional reaction.
| 
| Case and point: A man robs a bank, is running from police,
| shooting at them, the police shoot the man, he dies.
| 
| I believe the 'seratonin' response is to condemn the 'terrible
| harm' done by the police officers.
| 
| It takes second order rationalization to contextualize the
| situation.
 
| therealcamino wrote:
| "Harm aversion" is an interesting lens through which to view
| people's motivation and behavior. (They mention aversion to
| social harms specifically, but some of the examples are physical
| harms.) I've heard of loss aversion and of course risk aversion,
| but that's a new one for me.
 
| woopwoop wrote:
| The use of the word "prosocial" in the abstract is very confusing
| to me. They seem to be using it to describe actions which sound
| good but result in much worse real-world outcomes, right?
 
  | netizen-936824 wrote:
  | >worse real-world outcomes
  | 
  | This is subjective. Pro social just means that its beneficial
  | for a social relationship(s)
 
| Terry_Roll wrote:
| As does Histamine.
 
  | captainoats wrote:
  | Mirtazapine is a great example of this and can have profound
  | effects on behavior
 
  | SV_BubbleTime wrote:
  | And yeast (via gut bacteria). I'm pretty sure we have been
  | cultivated to breed more of them, not our decision just because
  | they're delicious.
 
    | Terry_Roll wrote:
    | Bacteria that's crossed the blood brain barrier can affect
    | behaviour.
    | 
    | In European woman, the most common bacteria in a woman's
    | vagina's is Lactobacillus largely due to the milk product
    | consumption in their die.
    | 
    | However whilst Western medicine considers Lactobacillus to be
    | a probiotic, other cultures who do not consume milk products
    | in as large a quantity have different bacterial profiles in
    | their vagina's.
    | 
    | Japanese people claim to be able to smell gone off milk
    | oozing from the pores of westerners.
    | 
    | The presence of a particular strain of bacteria (whose name I
    | dont have to hand right now) in a woman's vagina will also
    | predict whether they have freckles or not.
    | 
    | Biology is a fascinating subject and very much open to
    | debate.
 
    | BurningFrog wrote:
    | If we've "been cultivated", they're delicious because our
    | (non) ancestors who didn't like the taste got weeded out by
    | evolution.
 
  | metadat wrote:
  | Are you able to elaborate on this? I take a lot of anti-
  | histamines and haven't noticed any difference other than it
  | helps me medically.
  | 
  | But I'd like to be on the lookout so I can be my best self.
 
    | antics9 wrote:
    | I second this.
    | 
    | I take antihistamines from April to September. Loratadin
    | absolutely has a negative effect on my mood. Mostly because I
    | feel tired I believe. Switched to Ebastin and no more
    | tiredness. However, I am starting to suspect that it also
    | does affect my mood in some way or another.
    | 
    | During winter I take a pill as a precautionary if I'm going
    | to be in any dusty spaces. The day after I sometimes
    | experience mood swings that I cannot explain.
 
      | whatshisface wrote:
      | I have found that n95 masks work wonderfully for working in
      | dusty spaces. A dividend of the pandemic I suppose.
 
        | selectodude wrote:
        | They sell 3M N95 masks at Home Depot for a reason :)
 
      | throwaway2331 wrote:
      | Have you tried mast-cell stabilizers? Ketotifen is one
      | (albeit, still an antihistamine).
 
      | heavyset_go wrote:
      | Levocetirizine doesn't cross the blood-brain barrier like
      | other antihistamines such as loratadine does.
 
    | Terry_Roll wrote:
    | It increases IQ, histidine, a precursor for histamine,
    | doubled the IQ of people with downs syndrome in an experiment
    | over several months, but histamine also increases aggression
    | which probably explains why you dont see many aggressive
    | people with Down Syndrome.
    | 
    | Aged food & drink is higher in histamine. Red wine more than
    | white wine. Dark spirits more than clear spirits. Red meat
    | more than white meat. It can cause spontaneous erections,
    | 60mg of histamine can be used for erectile dysfunction.
    | Histamine can increase blood saturation levels and help
    | reduce the symptoms of COPD and other respiratory problems.
    | 
    | If you consumed alot of histadine, like several heaped table
    | spoons with meals throughout the day, depending on your age
    | and health you will notice some or all of the above. Its one
    | of the fastest amino acids into muscle, its untouched by the
    | liver.
    | 
    | I dont know why you are taking anti-histamines, histamine
    | helps the white immune cells move through tissue, it causes
    | inflammation, there is also a histamine feedback loop in the
    | brain which affects sleep patterns, which is why anti-
    | histamines can help people get to sleep, but lots of
    | histamine can improve sleep conversely.
    | 
    | Loads of studies exist that can be found on Google Scholar,
    | but multiple chemicals affect peoples personality, and their
    | health.
    | 
    | If you want to read up on this, also look at the pathways and
    | other chemicals which work with histidine (or any other amino
    | acid) for that matter.
 
      | netizen-936824 wrote:
      | How do you know it increases IQ?
 
        | Terry_Roll wrote:
        | Because I've tried it and noticed improvements in myself.
 
        | suikadayo wrote:
        | Anecdotal experience of 1 person doesn't make it the same
        | for others
 
  | cplusplusfellow wrote:
  | Can you expound upon this? As someone with severe allergies I
  | tend to take quite a bit of antihistamines.
 
    | nick__m wrote:
    | An old antihistamine1 was used as the blueprint for
    | development of the first commercialized SSRI. Similar first
    | generation antihistamines2 also have a significant effect on
    | SERT (serotonin transporter).
    | 
    | Reciprocly, the weight gain induced by certain SSRI is tought
    | to be caused by an antihistaminic effect3.
    | 
    | It would not be surprising if other antihistamines (at least
    | those that cross the BBB) had similar effects because
    | antihistamines are frequently promiscuous (i.e. they have
    | significant affinities with a lots of targets other than the
    | one that make a drug effective) but I would be surprised if
    | histamine, or its inhibition, was directly (with the
    | exclusion of the miserable feeling that comes with allergies)
    | implicated in moods changes.
    | 
    | 1- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompheniramine
    | 
    | 2- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine
    | 
    | 3- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27593622
 
| ajuc wrote:
| I wonder how long before people propose to use it for happier
| society. Just like Stanislaw Lem predicted in short story about
| Altruzine in Cyberiad [1] :)
| 
| [1]
| https://books.google.pl/books?id=xhbFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT264&lpg=P...
 
| colechristensen wrote:
| Huh, given that something like 15% of Americans are on SSRIs, I
| wonder how this affects the political landscape (which seems
| overrun with a new kind of moralizing in the last few decades)
 
  | PeterWhittaker wrote:
  | Reductions in empathy, increases in "hey what's the harm"...
  | kind of like society over the last few years?
 
  | mpol wrote:
  | Ouch, that is a lot.
  | 
  | There is something like Serotonin Irritation Syndrome which can
  | cause aggressive feelings and thoughts. Personally I tried to
  | increase my serotonin twice, once with Tryptophan a few years
  | ago and recently with Inositol. Both times I felt very
  | aggressive. Maybe I should use it right before a chess game,
  | who knows it helps ;)
  | 
  | It is sometimes mentioned that for people who are sensitive to
  | psychosis (like me) this can be a tipping point towards
  | aggressive behaviour.
 
  | astrange wrote:
  | If anything a more likely cause is statins in older people,
  | which are known to cause violent rage.
 
  | twofornone wrote:
  | You should be more concerned with the psychological effects of
  | birth control, which in my opinion are drastically understated
  | and underesearched. We are toying with the hormones of tens of
  | millions of women and the vast majority are unaware of the
  | potential differences in decisionmaking and behavior.
  | 
  | There are secondary effects as well, for example, women have
  | been shown to select for more dominant, aggressive men when
  | fertile and meeker providers when not - how might that shape
  | our social landscape, if a sizable proportion of women are kept
  | permanently in a hormonally induced infertile state?
  | 
  | 0. https://magazine.tcu.edu/fall-2020/hormonal-birth-control-
  | br...
  | 
  | 1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15236788/
 
| rossdavidh wrote:
| Just FYI, when reading any article with Marc Hauser as one of the
| lead authors, one should at least read up on the controversy
| regarding his methods:
| 
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Hauser#Scientific_miscond...
| 
| This article was published in 2010, he had to resign his faculty
| position at Harvard in 2011, and was found guilty of scientific
| misconduct in 2012 by the government Office of Research
| Integrity.
 
  | radu_floricica wrote:
  | > They concluded that Hauser had fabricated data in one study,
  | manipulated results in multiple experiments, and incorrectly
  | described how studies were conducted.
  | 
  | Yeah, not the sexy kind of misconduct.
 
| o10449366 wrote:
| (Just my personal, anecdotal experience - I have strong family
| history of depression and anxiety on both sides of my family and
| it's something that's afflicted me since I was a teenager.)
| 
| I will be extremely hesitant to take antidepressants and anti-
| anxiety medications ever again after my last experience with
| them. For me, the medications helped by tempering all of my
| feelings - I no longer felt sad or anxious, instead I just felt
| mellow and apathetic about everything. And feeling apathy is an
| incredibly scary thing because I also no longer derived any joy
| from my hobbies, from sex, from exercise, etc. I could no longer
| feel sad but I could no longer feel happy, either.
| 
| Even worse, I found myself engaging in behaviors I would never
| have engaged in otherwise, like compulsive lying. My moral code
| was compromised because I no longer felt the guilt and shame that
| normally inhibits unscrupulous behavior. I look back on that time
| now and I think about some of my actions and I feel nauseous.
| 
| There is value to medications that inhibit or regulate serotonin,
| and every individual's experience will be slightly different
| based on their genetics and the circumstances of their life.
| However, for me, even though I benefited from them at various
| points in my life (especially as a teenager), as an adult now I'm
| much more likely to depend on coping strategies I've learned
| through therapy than medication when it comes to dealing with my
| mood.
 
  | throwaway2331 wrote:
  | The assortment of medication available for depression is
  | laughable. Even for other neurological disorders, they're so
  | unselective and "broad spectrum," affecting numerous other
  | systems, that it turns into an absurdity: how are we this far
  | behind? Wasn't modern medicine supposed to equal better living?
  | 
  | It's like zero thought has been put into quality of life by
  | practitioners, so long as their metrics are met
  | 
  | E.g. "x, y, z attributes on the ABC scale went down. Looks like
  | you're in remission!"
  | 
  | "But doctor, my dick doesn't work, I've gained 40lbs, and
  | everything feels flat."
  | 
  | "We can prescribe a stimulant for appetite suppression, a
  | vasodilator for the libido... but the 'flat' is all in your
  | head. I'm going to write you a recommendation to a psychologist
  | so they can talk to you about it."
  | 
  | Absolute ninnies.
  | 
  | I understand what you mean about engaging in out-of-personality
  | behaviors, lack of moral code, and the nausea and panic that
  | accompanies the memories of "who you were" on a certain
  | medication (they do go away, with time. And they lose their
  | emotional impact once you accept that it was due to medication,
  | and rationalize it away). They warn you that there might be
  | personality changes, and you'll feel different, but I don't
  | think they understand the absolute gravity of what that means.
  | Even pharmacists go on their soapbox every time you ask for a
  | different brand (because X brand doesn't feel the same, and the
  | FDA has issued numerous warnings about quality control): "the
  | only thing different about brand name medication is the
  | marketing. They're all bio-equivalent and it's all in your
  | head." Fuck off.
  | 
  | This isn't even addressing that it's likely most of the "anti-
  | depressive" effect is placebo in SSRIs and the like. "Oh I feel
  | very different now from this medication. That means it's
  | strong, and effective, and I should be getting better now";
  | it's in the same vein as chiropractic, except with more woo-woo
  | and theatre ("modern medicine!!!").
  | 
  | There are better substances that can be used off-label/aren't
  | "copyrighted" that actually solve emotional issues by
  | (properly) regulating neurotransmitters and genomic expression
  | to achieve pro-humanist results, instead of soulless pro-
  | metrics and "quantitative" results. But they're not being
  | marketed, because the current batch of psychoactive chemicals
  | is riding on decades of marketing and "works" (see: generates
  | outsized profits).
  | 
  | In my opinion, almost all of these have been a net-negative on
  | society. Opiates, benzos, "anti-psychotics," "anti-
  | depressives," and the like: they're all shit.
  | 
  | There are better chemical (and lifestyle solutions) to these
  | problems, but right now the medical complex has a hard-fought
  | monopoly on health treatment; so anything that would usurp
  | power from them is a no-no (a la "fuck pro-consumer, I'm
  | getting mine").
 
    | CamelRocketFish wrote:
    | What are these better off label substances?
 
      | throwaway2331 wrote:
      | Hormones:
      | 
      | Most people's androgen:estrogen balance (and levels) are
      | absolutely off kilter, if they live a modern life (no
      | exercise/only exercise is the gym, lack of sunlight,
      | sitting down all day, living in a city, braindead birth
      | control protocols with only estrogens, etc.).
      | 
      | Tuning that would be the most beneficial. And it would get
      | to the root of the problem viz. fixing a mismatched
      | upregulation/downregulate of neurotransmitter receptors
      | (f.e. increasing sensitivity of GABA receptors, decreasing
      | sensitivity of noradrenaline receptors, and so on) --
      | instead of just a simple and stupid "hur dur lets flood the
      | synaptic cleft with serotonin/dopamine/catecholamines."
      | 
      | Barring that, there exist others that do not disrupt one's
      | natural HPTA, and are more "targeted" towards neurons,
      | rather than the whole body.
      | 
      | Peptides:
      | 
      | There are an assortment of peptides, but their main uses
      | are specifically in gene expression/and cell signal tuning.
      | They're hit or miss. A lot of woo-woo shit going on, and
      | many people hype them up as a cure-all (because there's
      | money to be made); when that's taken into account (and the
      | lack of extensive research), you'll find an assortment of
      | chemicals to play around with.
      | 
      | Russian synthetic adaptogens:
      | 
      | These are their own category of "adaptogens" popular in the
      | Russian medical community (and seeing Western adoption).
      | E.g. semax, bromantane, selank etc. They act as
      | hormones/signaling molecules by changing the expressions of
      | genes (leading to downstream changes of natural peptide
      | levels, behavior of psychological/catecholamine systems,
      | and so on).
      | 
      | -------
      | 
      | All of these, in my opinion and experience, are leagues
      | better than the garbage that is peddled by the U.S's
      | medical community -- because this actually changes shit on
      | the genomic level, rather than fucking with the physical
      | processes outright (ex. imagine the difference between
      | cloud seeding to get more rainfall vs. diverting rivers, to
      | fill aquifers. One of these is much more sustainable and
      | has less side-effects).
 
  | peanutcrisis wrote:
  | Might it be SSRI-induced indifference[0]? I had a similar
  | experience when I was on SSRI antidepressants.
  | 
  | [0] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989833/
 
  | johnchristopher wrote:
  | > My moral code was compromised because I no longer felt the
  | guilt and shame that normally inhibits unscrupulous behavior.
  | 
  | Hope I am not out of bond but I think this demonstrates why a
  | moral code also has to be an intellectual thing and not just an
  | instinct thing.
 
    | o10449366 wrote:
    | I agree and for me it is, but what I learned from that
    | experience is how powerful and influential our emotional
    | state is. It really made me feel like a psychopath at times
    | because I would understand how I "should" feel or do in a
    | given situation, but without a strong emotional signal it
    | felt like it didn't matter what choices I made.
 
  | selectodude wrote:
  | As a contra-point to this (I feel like these sorts of threads
  | bring out everybody who ever had negative experiences with xyz
  | drug and that can be very harmful to those with mood
  | disorders):
  | 
  | The only reason I'm still alive is due to SSRIs, they have
  | definitely taken away some of the highs of life but they also
  | took away the incessant thoughts of suicide. They have side
  | effects. They suck and the idea of being physically and
  | mentally addicted to a mood stabilizer is a huge bummer. But I
  | know that the people around me (and you) want us around, even
  | if it's not 100 percent of who we really are. If your meds are
  | working for you, messing around with them because you want to
  | "hack" your brain isn't necessarily the best course of action.
  | Be smart.
 
    | loceng wrote:
    | Did you try or were offered anything else before trying
    | medications?
 
      | selectodude wrote:
      | Yes, >1yr of talk therapy.
 
        | loceng wrote:
        | Thanks. Was it same person who also prescribed the
        | medication?
 
        | selectodude wrote:
        | No, I continued to decline and created a plan to end my
        | life. I told my psychologist and she referred me to a
        | psychiatrist to begin a concurrent pharmaceutical
        | treatment to go along with talk therapy.
 
  | 999900000999 wrote:
  | Lost Connections is a very good book on the topic. Read it, the
  | author points out in countries where people don't have 3k a
  | month for pysc meds, somehow they aren't all miserably
  | depressed. One story is really sweat, a poor farmer is helped
  | by his community after being left unable to work. In the west
  | we'd say file for SSI and get some SOMA.
  | 
  | The entire mental health industry is focused on extracting as
  | much from vulnerable people as possible. Unless you have a
  | spare 1200$ to 1600$ a month laying around you won't be able to
  | afford therapy anyway...
 
  | andrei_says_ wrote:
  | I would like to recommend a lecture by George Lakoff - The
  | Neuroscience of Language and Thought
  | 
  | https://youtu.be/JJP-rkilz40
  | 
  | Within the first 10 minutes he speaks of the fact that rational
  | thought as we see it simply does not exist. All our choices are
  | based on the ability to distinguish a preference and that
  | ability is based on emotion.
  | 
  | It would only make sense that medication impairing our emotions
  | would also impair our choice making.
 
    | Enginerrrd wrote:
    | Not only that, but if meditation has taught me anything, it's
    | that your "conscious rational thought" isn't really
    | conscious. ...like, basically at all. The decisions are
    | getting made unconsciously and then kicked up to your
    | conscious attention, already made.
 
      | mirekrusin wrote:
      | There is a proof for this - when you're dreaming and hear
      | some noise that wakes you up, in many cases the plot of
      | your dream in last second or so will be constructed around
      | that sound - in other words, your brain would have to know
      | the future if it was all realtime, it leaks out faking
      | reality perception.
 
  | loceng wrote:
  | Have you ever researched or tried MDMA? It's "single use" vs.
  | daily and habit/dependency forming.
  | 
  | MAPS.org did clinical trials, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for
  | veterans with treatment resistant PTSD, to great success.
 
  | meiji163 wrote:
  | One should know the long-term risks of these drugs. Long term
  | outcomes on psychiatric drugs are no better than placebo, and
  | discontinuation after long-term usage is associated with higher
  | relapse rates [0,1,2]. So unless you're ready to gamble on
  | lifetime dependence, I'd suggest trying something like exercise
  | [3].
  | 
  | The common belief that these drugs are effective treatments
  | (esp. in the US) I can only guess is a remnant of the pharma-
  | backed "chemical imbalance" propaganda campaign and reporting
  | bias [4].
  | 
  | [0]: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9559348/
  | 
  | [1]: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-
  | journal-...
  | 
  | [2]: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00021528
  | 
  | [3]: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11020092/
  | 
  | [4]:
  | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/...
 
    | PragmaticPulp wrote:
    | I spot-checked your first citation and it doesn't support
    | your claims in the slightest. It literally says that patients
    | who continued taking their medication had lower relapse rates
    | than those who stopped:
    | 
    | > > Compared with patients whose antidepressants were
    | discontinued, those with continued treatment showed much
    | lower relapse rates (1.85 vs. 6.24%/month), longer time to
    | 50% relapse (48.0 vs. 14.2 months), and lower 12-month
    | relapse risk (19.5 vs. 44.8%) (all p < 0.001).
    | 
    | It literally says that antidepressants work.
    | 
    | > The common belief that these drugs are effective treatments
    | (esp. in the US)...
    | 
    | They diverge from placebo and are effective treatments. It's
    | not a US thing _at all_. I don't know why you think it's
    | limited to the United States, but then again the rest of your
    | post is full of misinformation.
    | 
    | Please stop parroting this anti-psychiatry nonsense and
    | trying to use studies that say the opposite of the
    | misinformation you're trying to spread.
 
    | ikiris wrote:
    | I hear insulin is the same way. Eventually they still die,
    | and OMG IF THEY STOP THEY DIE TOO.
    | 
    | /sigh.
    | 
    | please stop this, you're contributing to the stigma both in
    | terms of mental health, and that lifesaving medication is
    | somehow an addition.
 
      | mitchdoogle wrote:
      | The person you're replying to has multiple sources to
      | defend their comment. It's not a big secret that
      | antidepressants are overprescribed and extremely easy to
      | obtain. Sure, they have their uses and may be life saving
      | to some, but their use should also be questioned from time
      | to time.
 
        | hellbannedguy wrote:
 
        | PragmaticPulp wrote:
        | > The person you're replying to has multiple sources to
        | defend their comment.
        | 
        | Click their first citation. It's a study that shows that
        | people who discontinue their antidepressants are more
        | likely to relapse than people who continue taking them.
        | 
        | It also says that relapse is more likely if the person
        | was depressed for longer before receiving treatment (e.g.
        | excessively delaying treatment made relapse more likely)
        | 
        | It doesn't support their wild anti-psychiatry rant _at
        | all_. Don't be fooled by off the wall comments that try
        | to overload you with a list of citations that they know
        | most people won't read.
 
  | PragmaticPulp wrote:
  | > There is value to medications that inhibit or regulate
  | serotonin, and every individual's experience will be slightly
  | different based on their genetics and the circumstances of
  | their life.
  | 
  | Not just slightly different. It can be extremely variable from
  | person to person.
  | 
  | It's well-known in medical research and clinical practice that
  | medications likes SSRIs range from helpful to neutral to net
  | negatives depending on the patients and situation. Sadly, too
  | many people fixate on the potential negative side effects and
  | avoid trialing treatments altogether.
  | 
  | For anyone suffering: It's true that medications might not work
  | out for you, but if they _do_ address your condition and you're
  | one of the many people whose lives benefit greatly, then it
  | would be tragic to avoid medications based on fear of potential
  | negative outcomes.
 
    | kbenson wrote:
    | > Not just slightly different. It can be extremely variable
    | from person to person.
    | 
    | Not just SSRIs. I had a _very_ bad experience with Mucinex D
    | (or DM?) about 12 years ago, the first time I tried it. I can
    | only imagine it was what clinical depression is like. For two
    | days (until I stopped taking because I was so scared) I lost
    | all interest in my life. I wasn 't interested in my young
    | children, ow my wife, or watching anything on TV I usually
    | like, or playing a game. I was questioning my work life
    | choices as well because nothing at work held the slightest
    | interest. I would go home, do what was required of me, then
    | sit in bed and stare at the wall until I went to bed.
    | 
    | That is, to this day, one of the scariest experiences in my
    | life. I've since heard of one or two other people that had
    | similar experiences with it.
 
      | danrochman wrote:
      | This is how some people feel all the time. I wonder if I
      | was exposed to Mucinex in the womb...
 
      | aos wrote:
      | Mucinex DM has dextromethorphan[0] which can act as a non-
      | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
      | 
      | [0]: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan see
      | section on dependence and withdrawal
 
        | PragmaticPulp wrote:
        | Serotonin is only a small part of what it does. It can
        | impact everything from NMDA to opioid receptors.
        | 
        | It's not interchangeable with SSRIs, obviously.
 
        | tsol wrote:
        | It's much stronger effect is as an NMDA antagonist,
        | similar to Ketamine. This blocks one of the primary
        | excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain. That would be
        | a better candidate for a depressant effect than its minor
        | SRI property
 
        | kbenson wrote:
        | Well, that makes sense then. Thanks for the additional
        | info. Honestly have been kinda scared of the whole class
        | of medication that affects mood since this experience,
        | but I've been lucky enough to not feel the need for
        | medication nor been prescribed any of that sort, so
        | haven't had to make that choice.
 
    | foverzar wrote:
    | These medications don't really address your condition, but
    | rather just treat symptoms.
    | 
    | IMO, the fear is not really about short-term negatives, but
    | about it turning into drug abuse, without actually tackling
    | the root cause.
    | 
    | Such drugs should only be used in extreme cases.
 
      | tsol wrote:
      | What is the root cause of depression? That's a huge
      | subject, and for some people even with community and a job
      | and hobby they still feel depressed. Sometimes the
      | underlying condition really is a chemical imbalance.
      | 
      | For example, adverse childhood experiences are highly
      | correlated with depression. What's the underlying problem
      | to tackle with a 50 year old adult who is depressed as a
      | result of abuse as a child? Some things just change you and
      | no amount of therapy can undo that
 
      | [deleted]
 
      | 0xcde4c3db wrote:
      | I'm not exactly an expert on psychiatry, but I've looked
      | around quite a bit and have yet to see any method claiming
      | to treat "the root cause" whose evidence base isn't even
      | sketchier than that of SSRIs.
 
  | treeman79 wrote:
  | Had similar. Was suffering from clots and doctors decided it
  | was anxiety. I stopped caring about anything. Saw a love one
  | injured. I felt nothing at all. Someone whom I was normally
  | very protective. Never took another pill.
 
  | dave_sullivan wrote:
  | Not sure if you ever tried a DSRI but it could be your
  | serotonin levels are fine but your dopamine levels are out of
  | whack. SSRIs are just one class of drug. Speaking from a
  | history of anxiety and depression, the wrong drugs were not
  | helpful, but the right drugs opened up a whole new version of
  | self. In my case, that was buproprion.
 
    | mattgreenrocks wrote:
    | Same situation as you. SSRIs seemed mostly ineffective, or
    | sometimes had crazy side effects (will never forget Effexor-
    | induced zaps despite tapering off following the directions to
    | the letter). Bupropion has been fantastic for me since I
    | started and I wished I'd found it 20 years ago.
 
      | wincy wrote:
      | That's great! Bupropion caused a psychotic episode for me
      | maybe ten years ago. Most terrifying day of my life, when
      | the razor blades were calling out to me telling me to cut
      | myself. To be clear, I've never had anything like that
      | happen before or since. My daughter spent 9 months in the
      | NICU and got genetic testing for various drugs, with 1
      | being the baseline expected (I'm going off memory here) and
      | 9 or 10 being "wtf this is super weird". She got a 9 for
      | bupropion. I'm assuming she got that from her father.
 
        | GeorgeTirebiter wrote:
        | Wow, sorry. Bupropion is an SNRI, not SSRI. SSRIs are
        | 'dangerous' IMHO, except for the special cases mention
        | here (suicide ideation, extreme non-functioning).
        | 
        | I would have hoped clinicians would start at the lowest
        | possible dose, and titrate up. I've certainly heard of
        | the "you need about xx mg, use this dose" first doses,
        | tho.
        | 
        | To me, this is Yet Another reason one should never
        | receive medical advice alone, especially when thinking is
        | impaired. That trusted friend / partner needs to ask the
        | hard questions of the prescribing clinician; but rules
        | make any 3rd party except spouse difficult for adults.
 
        | heavyset_go wrote:
        | It's an NDRI, not an SNRI.
 
        | [deleted]
 
        | tablespoon wrote:
        | > My daughter spent 9 months in the NICU and got genetic
        | testing for various drugs, with 1 being the baseline
        | expected (I'm going off memory here) and 9 or 10 being
        | "wtf this is super weird". She got a 9 for bupropion.
        | 
        | I've never heard of that. Why would they be testing an
        | infant for their reaction to an antidepressant drug? Just
        | curious.
 
        | heavyset_go wrote:
        | The genetic tests use genotypes to make statistical
        | inferences about efficacy and metabolism for certain
        | drugs. Wellbutrin is a common medicine, and the testing
        | company probably had it as part of their panel.
 
    | plutonorm wrote:
    | Not available in the UK because reasons.
 
    | qwertyuiop_ wrote:
    | Do these work for panic attacks ? I think anxiety and
    | depression are related. I was prescribed SSRI for anxiety.
 
      | mattgreenrocks wrote:
      | > I think anxiety and depression are related. I was
      | prescribed SSRI for anxiety.
      | 
      | They often accompany one another. I've had panic attacks in
      | the past, and was diagnosed with generalized anxiety
      | disorder. I can't claim that bupropion fixes panic attacks
      | proper, and I'm not a doctor, but it does help me with my
      | depression. (I haven't had a panic attack in a long time.)
      | 
      | It's not a silver bullet; you can still find yourself in
      | mentally stuck states, the difference is the physical side
      | of things seems to be 'gated' at the low end so that your
      | spiraling down isn't as deep as it is before. There's still
      | a lot of work to do to recognize + slow that descent, but
      | it is a tool to help with that.
 
      | heavyset_go wrote:
      | Mirtazapine can help with depression, anxiety and panic,
      | and it isn't an SSRI. There are also newer drugs that are
      | marketed as SMS drugs instead of SSRIs, like vilazodone and
      | vortioxetine. Buspirone binds to 5HT1A directly, instead of
      | inhibiting the serotonin transporter like other drugs.
      | 
      | Wellbutrin and NDRIs typically aren't that great for
      | anxiety, but they can help.
 
  | laurent92 wrote:
  | For me, serotonin blockers just made me asexual. It was a flat
  | organ even when activated. It also defeats the purpose of
  | taking antidepressants to enter a more positive spiral with
  | girls... But it is also very frightening as a man.
 
  | Findecanor wrote:
  | I've used SSRIs a long time ago with therapy, and without a few
  | years ago.
  | 
  | In my opinion, SSRIs should only be used as a tool to help make
  | the patient more receptive to therapy.
  | 
  | It should never ever be used a substitute for therapy. I too
  | have noticed that without someone to help keeping your
  | behaviour in check, some undesirable (but not necessarily dark)
  | personality traits could take over. Not to mention that someone
  | needs to be there to check on you during the first weeks of use
  | when the drug actually causes a deeper depression before it
  | starts mellowing your feelings.
  | 
  | BTW. My second SSRI use also left me with permanently dry eyes
  | and nose: me needing eye drops and to avoid dusty, dry
  | environments for the rest of my life.
 
    | sjtindell wrote:
    | I loosely agree. I feel SSRIs should be used in cases where
    | someone feels so down they cannot function. Once they are
    | functional enough for therapy and other support, they may
    | want to consider carefully stopping.
 
  | Jerrrry wrote:
  | Similar thoughts. I think SSRI's are the wrong direction.
  | 
  | Acute drug experiences with therapy and behavioral modification
  | are the future.
  | 
  | do some molly and ketamine and have a good talk.
 
    | nobodyofnote wrote:
    | As someone who has done both on multiple occasions and not
    | come out of the experiences suffering any less, I can say
    | that these are by no means the panacea they're often held out
    | to be. It's fantastic that these options seem to be very
    | helpful to many, but I feel that MDMA and Ketamine - as well
    | as Psilocybin - are suggested with far too much confidence on
    | the outcome.
 
    | KittenInABox wrote:
    | Caveat: If you have dissociative symptoms, are prone to
    | anxiety, have a family history of psychosis or have a
    | psychosis in your symptom profile, seriously reconsider the
    | above advice.
 
    | andrei_says_ wrote:
    | How does the dissasociative ketamine help?
 
      | loves_mangoes wrote:
      | Ketamine (as its S-isomer) is approved by the FDA for
      | treatment-resistant depression.
      | 
      | Note that while the evidence for Ketamine's antidepressant
      | effect is actually strong, that does not mean you should
      | get into the habit of snorting a gram of special K a day.
      | 
      | Ketamine abuse is known to cause serious, practical damage
      | to the GI tract, the urinary system, the liver, and the
      | brain.
 
        | tsol wrote:
        | Although a ketamine treatment plan for depression
        | requires subanesthetic doses once a week at first, and
        | then once every two weeks. It's also habit forming enough
        | that it's difficult to not overdo it due to its effects
        | on dopamine. It has some definite utility, but it's the
        | kind of medication that is hard to use alone
 
    | astrange wrote:
    | If you don't want to mess with serotonin don't go take
    | MDMA...
 
    | pure_simplicity wrote:
    | Lot's of cases of depression actually start with inflammation
    | in the gut or in the brain, or other gut related diseases.
    | Diet and lifestyle is a safer and better treatment.
 
  | heavyset_go wrote:
  | That truthfully sounds like symptoms of hypomania, which can be
  | exacerbated by antidepressants. If that's the case, then
  | antidepressants alone were not a good choice for you, because
  | they are meant to only treat depression.
 
  | sorethescore wrote:
  | This is why antidepressants should only be used during periods
  | of crisis when a person is at risk; in my opinion, for no
  | longer than 3-6 months at most, after which they should be
  | tapered off and transitioned to a more sustainable long term
  | treatment modality.
 
  | aantix wrote:
  | Have you tried any supplements?
  | 
  | SSRIs aren't the only promising solution.
 
    | tablespoon wrote:
    | > Have you tried any supplements?
    | 
    | > SSRIs aren't the only promising solution.
    | 
    | I don't think it's very helpful to vaguely bring up
    | "supplements" like that. There are _so many_ , and they range
    | from being harmful, to being placebos, to being actually
    | helpful. Plus there's a huge amount of _utter quackery_
    | around them.
    | 
    | Do you have any specific "promising" ones in mind?
 
  | tsol wrote:
  | My experience was the opposite. In fact, after taking
  | medication to fix it I later stopped because of this
  | naturalistic fallacy. I knew it was bunting some of my emotions
  | and I figured whatever the drugs are doing I can do with
  | lifestyle changes. 10 years later, a daily habit of exercise
  | and cold showers, a variety of daily natural supplements like
  | turmeric and magnesium, and a career later.. I was no
  | different.
  | 
  | I'd wonder why everything felt so hard for me, why I was so
  | stressed out all the time. And how it could be that no one else
  | seemed to be horrified by the existential realities of life. At
  | the same time I wanted to participate in life so I could help
  | change things for the better-- but damn every morning was a new
  | battle. And then I decided to start the same medication again,
  | and boom.
  | 
  | About a year later and I feel normal. It's amazing. I'm like..
  | is this how people feel all the time? You guys just wake up and
  | don't dread the day? Lol it's almost funny now. They blunt my
  | emotions.. but turns out i was hyper sensitive to everything.
  | In an awful , stressful way. I still have white hair from that
  | period of life.
  | 
  | Sometimes, medication is the answer. I had a perfectly fine
  | life on paper yet couldn't be happy. My theory is this was
  | because of some adverse childhood events I experienced, that
  | seemed to change something in me. Thank God for modern
  | medicine.
  | 
  | And I learned sometimes the best advice is don't listen to
  | others-- only you know what's best for you. People are
  | complicated and therapy doesn't always work.
 
    | thelittleone wrote:
    | > My theory is this was because of some adverse childhood
    | events I experienced, that seemed to change something in me.
    | 
    | Have you considered some sort of regression therapy such as
    | hypnotherapy or if more adventurous, plant medicine? I sat
    | next to a pretty senior FBI guy on a domestic US flight once.
    | He was a hypnotherapist who claimed that in almost all cases
    | they were able to use hypnosis to get information about what
    | happened even if the conscious person was completely unable
    | to recall any details.
    | 
    | In most shamanic traditions, a lot of work is devoted to
    | bringing up and purging out past trauma. Examples include
    | plant vapor baths to sweat things out, purgatives to release
    | emotional trauma (often present in the stomach / belly) and
    | plant medicines such as ayahuasca that act as both a
    | purgative and help form new perspectives of past experiences.
 
      | twofornone wrote:
      | >He was a hypnotherapist who claimed that in almost all
      | cases they were able to use hypnosis to get information
      | about what happened even if the conscious person was
      | completely unable to recall any details.
      | 
      | There's no guarantee that the information they received was
      | true. I imagine hypnosis is in the same category as lie
      | detectors with respect to its...interpretability.
 
  | rjh29 wrote:
  | Anecdotally I had the same response. I found they helped
  | anxiety a lot, but did not help depression as I just felt even
  | more disconnected and apathetic to things.
  | 
  | What helped me was switching away from a first-line SSRI and
  | onto something a bit more niche: Mirtazapine. It's definitely
  | worth trying a variety of SSRIs because everyone is different
  | and it's really common for the first one or two that you try to
  | not work well.
  | 
  | I agree that ultimately therapy/coping strategies are the right
  | cure, medicine is a way to bootstrap otherwise incapable people
  | into persuing exercise, therapy, social stuff etc. If you can
  | achieve that without the help of meds, more power to you!
 
    | tamaharbor wrote:
    | Does the Mirtazapine make you sleepy all the time?
 
      | LASR wrote:
      | Not OP, but to answer your question: no, not all the time.
      | 
      | If you take it before bedtime, it sedates you in a deep
      | sleep. But 3-4 hours later, if you wake up, it would be
      | like you didn't take anything.
      | 
      | You may even have trouble going back to sleep if you wake
      | up early.
      | 
      | Of course all this varies greatly for every individual.
 
  | SavantIdiot wrote:
  | Sounds like anomie. What did your therapist say about this?
  | Different anti-depressants have different effects. Not sure
  | what you were on, but if it was an SSRI, perhaps a tricyclic
  | would have been better, or vice versa.
  | 
  | The symptoms you explain are why it is important to pair
  | therapy with antidepressents.
  | 
  | I'm very surprised your therapist did not alter your scrip.
 
    | o10449366 wrote:
    | They did. If it's prescribable as a medication to treat
    | anxiety or depression in the United States, I've tried it. I
    | try and keep a very open mind, so even when many medications
    | didn't work, I continued to try new ones and combinations
    | with sufficient trial periods, but in the end what worked
    | best for me (at that point in my life) was just not taking
    | anything at all.
    | 
    | I'm not saying medication is not effective - it was extremely
    | effective for me in different phases of my life and probably
    | saved me from suicide, however in my adult life I found the
    | emotional blunting and apathy that came with not just SSRIs
    | but DSRIs and other classes of medications to be extremely
    | concerning.
 
| grouphugs wrote:
 
| vadiml wrote:
| So how about daily serotonin injections to all elected officials?
 
| echopurity wrote:
 
| nosianu wrote:
| This reminded me of this BBC article about the brain effects of
| ordinary drugs:
| 
| "The medications that change who we are"
| 
| https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200108-the-medications-...
| 
| > _They've been linked to road rage, pathological gambling, and
| complicated acts of fraud. Some make us less neurotic, and others
| may even shape our social relationships. It turns out many
| ordinary medications don't just affect our bodies - they affect
| our brains. Why? And should there be warnings on packets?_
| 
| > _We're all familiar with the mind-bending properties of
| psychedelic drugs - but it turns out ordinary medications can be
| just as potent. From paracetamol (known as acetaminophen in the
| US) to antihistamines, statins, asthma medications and
| antidepressants, there's emerging evidence that they can make us
| impulsive, angry, or restless, diminish our empathy for
| strangers, and even manipulate fundamental aspects of our
| personalities, such as how neurotic we are._
| 
| > _If these claims are true, the implications are profound. The
| list of potential culprits includes some of the most widely
| consumed drugs on the planet, meaning that even if the effects
| are small at an individual level, they could be shaping the
| personalities of millions of people._
 
| Ozzie_osman wrote:
| It's crazy how our brains and bodies are just a cocktail of
| hormones and neurotransmitters. Change that mix, and it can
| change the very nature of who we think we are. Things that you
| might associate with your very identity, like optimism/pessimism,
| ability to focus, moral judgment, how collaborative or generous
| you are, aggressiveness, all can be influenced by hormones or
| neurotransmitters.
 
  | netizen-936824 wrote:
  | Its really not just a cocktail or mix. Its far more ordered
  | than that and these compounds and receptors are found in very
  | specific areas and circuits
 
  | symlinkk wrote:
  | Yes it brings up uncomfortable questions about free will. Like
  | "why did he murder that guy? did he choose to do it or did the
  | chemicals in his brain force him to?"
 
    | zwkrt wrote:
    | "Your honor, I claim that the real culprit here is the laws
    | of physics and the initial conditions of the universe at the
    | Big Bang."
 
| thenerdhead wrote:
| Maybe we are living in the world of "Brave New World" where there
| will soon be "Soma" pills of different colors depending on how we
| feel and how we want to feel.
| 
| The big question is ethics. How far do we go to understand,
| engineer, and change the very nature of what makes us human?
| Changing the very negative emotions for the future generation
| would change the world of great art like the next Poe, Van Gogh,
| Plath, and more.
| 
| This changes the very nature of what makes us unique. If everyone
| is happy, nobody is happy, right?
 
  | imbnwa wrote:
  | >Enhancing serotonin made subjects less likely to reject unfair
  | offers.
 
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