[HN Gopher] LSD and psilocybin increase the fractal dimension of...
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LSD and psilocybin increase the fractal dimension of brain activity
 
Author : DreamScatter
Score  : 147 points
Date   : 2021-06-13 12:36 UTC (10 hours ago)
 
web link (www.biorxiv.org)
w3m dump (www.biorxiv.org)
 
| anm89 wrote:
| Totally separate from whatever this paper is claiming, I'm
| already dreading a conversation at some future party in which
| some person rambles on regarding a very unscientific
| understanding of this paper and something about burning man.
 
  | okareaman wrote:
  | You might get lucky and someone will bend your ear about
  | Terence McKenna and Machine Elves
 
| bronzeage wrote:
| Why is it even legal to conduct LSD experiments? There was some
| animal testing post earlier, but giving people illegal
| consciousness altering drugs seems so much worse.
 
  | _Microft wrote:
  | I'll take the bait. A drug being regulated by narcotics
  | regulation does not mean that its use has to be completely
  | forbidden. Just because Average Joe is not allowed to do
  | something does not mean that there might not be professionals
  | who are. Opiates for example are both regulated and used for
  | pain treatment.
  | 
  | Any study with human participants has to go through an ethics
  | review and the participants have to be both informed about the
  | goals of the study, possible risks and consequences of the
  | procedures and also have to take part voluntarily. (Regarding
  | "consequences": a brain scan could e.g. show a medical
  | condition and having _knowledge_ of that condition would mean
  | that the participant would have to state this as existing
  | condition in the future whenever they wanted to sign up for
  | health insurance for example. So: it is complicated!).
  | 
  | The Helsinki Declaration contains ethical principles on human
  | experimentation if you want to have a look:
  | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Helsinki
 
    | fredgrott wrote:
    | You have to understand that because animals borrowed cell
    | signaling form plants that most transmitter blockers and
    | analogues can be found plant cell signal chemicals
    | 
    | Or to put in broad terms our brains are powered by degrees of
    | getting high. Its more of the degree and method that produces
    | bad social results
 
      | _Microft wrote:
      | The similarities between very different species are
      | absolutely mind-blowing indeed. Anesthesia works on plants
      | for example! Jellyfish have to sleep, despite having no
      | brain at all. They even suffer from disorientation when
      | being sleep-deprived (afaik researchers frequently poked or
      | otherwise disturbed them in their tank during their normal
      | sleep-phase. On the "next day" they showed signs of sleep
      | deprivation).
 
  | thatswrong0 wrote:
  | Why are they illegal to begin with?
 
  | baq wrote:
  | People have a choice.
 
  | elliekelly wrote:
  | I would assume the people taking these drugs in a modern study
  | would be participating having given their consent and under the
  | supervision of an ethics review board. I've never taken LSD in
  | my life but I would be willing to participate in a study like
  | this and I can't imagine I'm alone.
 
  | plutonorm wrote:
  | Psychedelics are a tool. You don't ban powerful lasers because
  | someone might get hurt. You regulate and prescribe how they may
  | be used safely. And they are a very powerful tool, not only as
  | a medicine to treat addiction and depression but also as a lens
  | to inspect the nature of consciousness.
 
  | pmoriarty wrote:
  | _" giving people illegal consciousness altering drugs seems so
  | much worse"_
  | 
  | It would be interesting to learn why you think it would be so
  | bad.
 
  | modmans2nd wrote:
  | .....
 
  | GuB-42 wrote:
  | It is all explained in the paper, they had all the necessary
  | licences.
  | 
  | One noteworthy point is that they only took sane adults with
  | experience in psychedelics (that's the tl;dr).
 
  | unparagoned wrote:
  | There is lots of potential benefits that far outweigh any
  | downsides,so it's worth investigating. They were made illegal
  | for political reasons rather than for scientific or evidence
  | based reasons
 
    | vkomega wrote:
    | Sources for benefits (plural) vs. downsides? Source for
    | politically-motivated criminalization?
 
      | acid_enthusiast wrote:
      | Lots (hundreds? thousands? a large cross section of the
      | population of every music music festival on the planet for
      | the last 50 years) of human beings report them encouraging
      | a good time with increased enjoyment, openness, creativity,
      | ability to do things, and they where praised by the
      | creators of AA to be helpful in the treatment of alcholism.
      | Very few of the doctors, nurses, lorry drivers, support
      | workers, shop keepers, crafters, farmers, scientists who
      | attend these events and lie about their participation go on
      | to develop serious social or medical problems or they
      | wouldn't have the money to go back year on year for more
      | illegal fun. Unfortunately the majority of these positive
      | experiences are not recorded by government backed science,
      | since reporting LSD use to the government results in the
      | loss of jobs, driving privileges, children and ultimately
      | homes and freedom. Users complained about the war, lsd was
      | banned (- over simplification for brevity.). Laughter has
      | no accepted medical use and trying to prove otherwise is a
      | crime
 
      | AnthonBerg wrote:
      | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00358
      | 
      | Szabo A. (2015). "Psychedelics and Immunomodulation: Novel
      | Approaches and Therapeutic Opportunities". _Frontiers in
      | immunology_ , 6, 358.
      | 
      | Abstract:
      | 
      |  _Classical psychedelics are psychoactive substances,
      | which, besides their psychopharmacological activity, have
      | also been shown to exert significant modulatory effects on
      | immune responses by altering signaling pathways involved in
      | inflammation, cellular proliferation, and cell survival via
      | activating NF-kB and mitogen-activated protein kinases.
      | Recently, several neurotransmitter receptors involved in
      | the pharmacology of psychedelics, such as serotonin and
      | sigma-1 receptors, have also been shown to play crucial
      | roles in numerous immunological processes. This emerging
      | field also offers promising treatment modalities in the
      | therapy of various diseases including autoimmune and
      | chronic inflammatory conditions, infections, and cancer.
      | However, the scarcity of available review literature
      | renders the topic unclear and obscure, mostly posing
      | psychedelics as illicit drugs of abuse and not as
      | physiologically relevant molecules or as possible agents of
      | future pharmacotherapies. In this paper, the
      | immunomodulatory potential of classical serotonergic
      | psychedelics, including N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT),
      | 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), lysergic acid
      | diethylamide (LSD), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, and
      | 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine will be discussed from a
      | perspective of molecular immunology and pharmacology.
      | Special attention will be given to the functional
      | interaction of serotonin and sigma-1 receptors and their
      | cross-talk with toll-like and RIG-I-like pattern-
      | recognition receptor-mediated signaling. Furthermore, novel
      | approaches will be suggested feasible for the treatment of
      | diseases with chronic inflammatory etiology and pathology,
      | such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple
      | sclerosis, schizophrenia, depression, and Alzheimer 's
      | disease._
 
      | ljf wrote:
      | Not lsd but the reason behind the banning of cannabis and
      | heroin is a pretty well known story
      | https://www.unharm.org/the-racist-truth-behind-the-war-on-
      | dr...
      | 
      | They were criminalised to criminalise part of society. Lsd
      | was similar - the govt was worried about losing control of
      | people and their desires.
      | 
      | Lsd has never been an interest of mine, but I am aware many
      | people find the experiences they have truly profound.
      | 
      | there was some excellent work in curing alcoholism that
      | used Lsd and proved very successful prior to it being
      | banned; BBC News - LSD 'helps alcoholics to give up
      | drinking' http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-17297714
 
      | nabla9 wrote:
      | Will psychedelics be 'a revolution in psychiatry'?
      | https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-021-00087-7
      | 
      | The Yale Manual for Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy of
      | Depression (using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a
      | Therapeutic Frame) https://psyarxiv.com/u6v9y
      | 
      | "Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression",
      | https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032994
      | 
      | Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive
      | Disorder. A Randomized Clinical Trial, Alan K. Davis et
      | al., 2020 doi : 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285
      | 
      | Can Psychedelic Drugs Attenuate Age-Related Changes in
      | Cognition and Affect? https://link.springer.com/article/10.
      | 1007/s41465-019-00151-6
      | 
      | LSD is one of the safest drugs there are. You may get a bad
      | trip but it ends. Of course people in danger of psychosis
      | should not take it.
      | 
      | People don't get addicted to LSD or psychedelics in
      | general. It's not something you want to take frequently
      | (excluding some who microdose at the levels where you don't
      | feel the psychedelics effects).
 
        | vkomega wrote:
        | Great, thanks for the objective response. My inquiry was
        | substantially downvoted.
        | 
        | How can one determine if they are at risk of psychosis
        | prior to consuming LSD? I've heard many stories of people
        | who were "never the same" (in a bad life-outcome sense)
        | after having bad LSD trips. It wasn't clear from family
        | history or medical history that they were at-risk for
        | such a reaction.
        | 
        | At least based on these outcomes, it might be a bit
        | inaccurate to claim LSD is safe. I suspect it was
        | outlawed in part due to observed risks decades ago, but
        | am still curious about political motivations. (e.g. "they
        | want to deny us access to knowledge, man." or racial
        | reasons, etc)
        | 
        | Perhaps there will be technology advancements in support
        | of ascertaining propensity for adverse reactions to
        | psychedelics. I suspect there's a strong component
        | related to dosage. Maybe this is related to the
        | microdosing movement?
 
        | [deleted]
 
        | mikelevins wrote:
        | The idea that someone took LSD and "was never the same"
        | is a common trope, but I doubt it's based much on fact. I
        | wrote a paper years ago in college about the difference
        | between what "public education" about LSD said and what
        | the medical literature said (I attended a university with
        | a good medical school and a good medical library), and
        | the short version is that federally-funded "public
        | education" about LSD was mostly a lot of scare stories
        | made up to serve someone's social or political agenda.
        | They had little or no basis in fact.
        | 
        | Things like that get repeated, though. People like to
        | repeat scare stories. I wouldn't be surprised if that's
        | where most of the "never the same" stories come from.
        | 
        | I will admit that I took LSD quite a few times at the end
        | of the 1970s, and that at the peak of that period I spent
        | a month or two in a fairly confused and impressionable
        | state. Someone who had known me before and who
        | encountered me during that period might be forgiven for
        | concluding that I would "never be the same". It was
        | temporary, though.
        | 
        | I gave up on psychedelics and other mind-altering
        | substances by the early 1980s. They were no longer
        | showing me anything new. As the fellow said, once you've
        | gotten the message, it's time to hang up the phone.
        | 
        | The literature that I found in the late 70s made LSD look
        | fairly harmless, as long as you were not already
        | psychotic or close to it. That was peer-reviewed
        | research, though, not news stories. It would have been
        | scandalous at that time for anyone in the mainstream
        | press to suggest that LSD was anything less than the
        | scourge of Western Civilization.
        | 
        | Sometime around the late nineties or early 2000s,
        | respectable researchers began to obtain permission to
        | conduct research with psychedelics again, and have gotten
        | some pretty interesting results, especially in areas like
        | treatment of alcoholism, depression, and anxiety. By the
        | way, they don't seem to be finding a lot of civilization-
        | ending dangers in the process. Judging by the medical
        | literature, they just aren't very dangerous.
        | 
        | As far as I know, based both on personal experience and
        | medical literature, the main dangers from psychedelics
        | are that they can be very disorienting and several of
        | them amplify the experience of emotion. Bad trips mostly
        | seem to be a combination of disorientation and fear, with
        | the disorientation becoming frightening, and the fear
        | amplified by the drug so that it becomes terror.
        | 
        | But bad trips end, just like good ones do.
        | 
        | So if you're going to experiment with them, you want to
        | be in a safe place, in a reasonably sane and calm state
        | of mind, and in the company of trustworthy people who
        | have your best interests in mind--preferably mental-
        | health professionals with some experience with
        | psychedelics, if possible.
 
        | sammalloy wrote:
        | > How can one determine if they are at risk of psychosis
        | prior to consuming LSD?
        | 
        | Family history of mental illness, particularly
        | schizophrenia.
        | 
        | > I've heard many stories of people who were "never the
        | same" (in a bad life-outcome sense) after having bad LSD
        | trips.
        | 
        | I think those stories are overblown. People like to have
        | something to blame for when a loved one goes down the
        | wrong path.
 
        | vkomega wrote:
        | > history
        | 
        | This was addressed in my previous comment. I've known
        | folks who took the stuff and had a horrible reaction,
        | without family history as such.
        | 
        | Also, consuming street drugs of unknown quality in
        | uncontrolled settings with uncontrolled dosages is quite
        | different than controlled medical experiments.
        | 
        | > overblown
        | 
        | I never wanted to try the stuff after personally
        | observing people change after having a "bad trip". If it
        | permanently alters perceptions in unpredictable ways,
        | then ingesting it likely catalyzes alternate life
        | trajectories, also in unpredictable ways.
        | 
        | Seems like a double edged sword. Many report the positive
        | benefits but the supporters seem to downplay risks or
        | point to other factors without supporting evidence.
        | 
        | It's unclear how to determine safety with prospective
        | victims/winners whose family history doesn't include
        | mental illness. Again, I suspect dosage is a critical
        | factor to trip outcome; this being common pharmacological
        | wisdom.
 
        | sammalloy wrote:
        | All true, of course. I have had great success helping two
        | people who had "bad trips" as a trip sitter. Both people
        | had a troubled adolescence, but are now doing extremely
        | well as adults and are highly successful. Whenever I see
        | them, they always thank me for helping them. The truth of
        | the matter, is that I didn't do anything at all, I just
        | made them feel safe and let them knew that everything was
        | going to be okay.
 
  | totony wrote:
  | >but giving people illegal consciousness altering drugs seems
  | so much worse.
  | 
  | Why do you think so?
 
  | haswell wrote:
  | Out of curiosity, which part bothers you?
  | 
  | 1. That the drugs are illegal
  | 
  | 2. That the drugs alter consciousness
  | 
  | What's your stance on cannabis?
 
| yoloyoloyoloa wrote:
| I decided to start a career in programming and IT oneday at 21 on
| a LSD bad trip from hell. It was really an eye opening trip and
| just realized this would be the best possible career path to
| take. I have never looked back since.
 
  | fastball wrote:
  | How is it a bad trip that set you on a career path you like?
 
    | andyana wrote:
    | I believe it is possible to have a bad trip in this sense
    | because it typically takes time to integrate the experience.
    | The time spent trying to integrate can be scary, because you
    | don't understand it yet.
    | 
    | I had a vision of a blonde child, perhaps six years old,
    | burst out of a tunnel of light during a DMT trip. I still
    | don't know what it means, and because my son is blonde, i
    | can't help but feel that maybe there is a message im not
    | seeing (this is coming from an ex-atheist of twenty years).
    | It was a weird event, but it has made me make positive
    | changes in my life regardless. For example, I try a lot
    | harder to have the time for him. I've decided to stop trying
    | to date because of it (so that I don't have to divide my time
    | more), and that's given me a self esteem boost.
    | 
    | It is a complex thing, one that we don't understand. Its a
    | beautiful experience, but one I don't take lightly. It needs
    | respect.
 
| Animats wrote:
| Well, yes, adding noise increases the fractal dimension of a
| signal.
| 
| "Shannon entropy" is noise.
| 
| "Lempel-Ziv complexity" is "how long is the zip file".
 
  | dorkmind wrote:
  | Does listening to white noise increase the fractal dimension
  | the same way as drugs?
 
    | arbitrage wrote:
    | No.
 
  | motohagiography wrote:
  | This is an important description, as when you think of a
  | chemical creating impairment, it is essentially adding noise to
  | signals in your brain, and a lot of the geometric and fractal
  | artifacts we see resemble noise artifacts you would get from
  | interfering with other analogue signals.
  | 
  | Given your brain takes sensory signal input and coheres it,
  | impairing that ability is going to create signals-based
  | feedback that is described in information theory and signal
  | processing, which if there is any periodic sampling going on on
  | the coherance layer, you're going to get shape artifacts that
  | are a function of that period. It's essentially 1/f noise and
  | the experience of "more" information in a hallucinatory state
  | is really just noisy information, like feedback on a TV. (It
  | implies your brain has a clock cycle, and probably something
  | like an NTP service.)
  | 
  | Imagine your TV had worked perfectly for your entire life and
  | the first time you experienced its signal was bad, but you
  | didn't realize there was a world in which that signal could not
  | exist, so it would be totally mind blowing and you might
  | experience it as a rift in reality. It would demand the
  | question, if the people on TV aren't the substrate of our
  | shared reality, and they are only representations transmitted
  | by signals our minds are cohering, what else isn't necessarily
  | real?
  | 
  | You'd tell other people that you had an experience where there
  | is something else, a true substrate of reality where the
  | televisions weren't coherent and real, which seems impossible,
  | but if you've experienced it, you know. Suddenly, the
  | televisions and they things they say are fallible, but there is
  | still a you without them, and one that is not bound to the
  | identity you see reflected in what they broadcast and tell you,
  | because when the TV signal fed back on itself or echoed with
  | delay, now you know there is something behind it all. It seems
  | profound, but it's really just the first time your TV didn't
  | work because something had impaired the signal. This is what I
  | think hallucinogens are: noise on your sensory channels that
  | reminds you the signals you use to cohere your experience exist
  | in a substrate, which is just a mundane fact and necessarily
  | physically true, and "you" are more than what your manage to
  | cohere into a narrative from your sensory input. Some people
  | believe a substrate or perception of something "else" is
  | inconcievable because they have never experienced jitter in
  | their coherence cycles, and once you do it seems like a really
  | big deal, but really, it's not, and most of us just go back to
  | chopping wood and carrying water.
 
    | bts327 wrote:
    | Just an amazing comment. As someone who has experienced
    | profound states of psychedelia, and having consumed vast
    | amounts of data pertaining to such experiences, yours may be
    | the most unique and original commentary regarding the topic
    | that I've seen yet. Bravo, and I'll certainly be returning to
    | this comment at a later time and date.
 
    | singingfish wrote:
    | Creating noise in the brain that the nervous system then
    | makes sense of. Interesting theory.
    | 
    | Now if I put my mystical hippie hat on I'm going to ask you
    | what you think noise is? Personally I think it's some
    | fundamental property of the universe.
 
    | saiya-jin wrote:
    | For me the (rather strong) trips from mushrooms showed me how
    | some part of the brain (not sure which one though) is very
    | good at interpolating bits and pieces of reality when there
    | is no longer strong coming in via our senses. Its a blurry
    | picture of reality, but the blur isn't the loss of detail but
    | rather its fractalization (which in the end is the opposite
    | of it).
    | 
    | The harder the trip the less real-world signal and more
    | brains's interpolation. We all have highly unique brains so
    | although the principles are the same (fractals in visual and
    | in mind, strange colors, mixing senses etc.) we all have such
    | a unique take on it.
    | 
    | And since the same brain is just guessing and smoothing
    | input, and the one processing the guesses, its guesses are so
    | 'self-compatible' that it can literally make its own feedback
    | loops (I had it multiple times, when tripping with closed
    | eyes I began wandering further and further away on a very
    | consistent interconnected trip).
    | 
    | Its so strange. I can remember those trips so well, but the
    | 'enhanced' version of it is simply too vast for my normal
    | brain to grok. Just partial projections like 3d into 2d that
    | don't give full picture or don't make much sense.
 
    | andrekandre wrote:
    | and once you do it seems like a really big deal, but really,
    | it's not
    | 
    | do you mean to say "its not a big deal" or "its ends up not
    | being a big deal to most people" ?
    | 
    | it was a little ambiguius to me what was being implied...
 
      | motohagiography wrote:
      | It's that the discovery that our personal coherence and
      | experience is very narrow, is very jarring when we haven't
      | experienced it before and haven't developed cognitive tools
      | to manage that. It's like discovering that from some other
      | perspective that exists in the substrate, it's likely that
      | your entire experience of the world is as bounded and low-
      | entropy as a drawing or a song. If the sudden apprehension
      | that we may be this absurd isn't belly laugh funny, I am
      | confident that someone else especially finds this fact of
      | us not finding it funny even funnier. There's nothing we
      | can do about it, so you just appreciate it for what it is,
      | relieve suffering where you can, and be excited about what
      | else you couldn't have known.
 
        | patcon wrote:
        | > it's likely that your entire experience of the world is
        | as bounded and low-entropy as a drawing or a song
        | 
        | YES. I've been following some threads related to the
        | Leiden Theory of Language, which basically proposes that
        | human minds differ from other creatures' right now mostly
        | because we're an advanced semiotic organism that has
        | carved out and evolved an ecological niche _inside_ of an
        | specific area of a biological host organism: the human
        | mind. Basically, the mundane world we live every day is
        | not so dissimilar from the one we imagine as an
        | otherworldly future where we might become cyborgs of tech
        | and biology... but we 're ALREADY an organic cyborg of
        | language/semiotics and biology. As in, shit is already
        | weird, we just can't recognize the weirdness so well.
        | Perhaps our fellow travellers (other animals) see us best
        | for what we are.
        | 
        | Anyhow, re: drawings/songs. Through this distorted lens,
        | I've been trying to see the way that our stories and
        | narratives are in some ways like our children. I'm trying
        | to see humans as being more like songs or drawings than
        | we care to admit. Or rather, I'm noticing that we find
        | these other things more "disposable" and we feel less
        | kinship with them when they're persisting in various non-
        | human substrates. We don't mourn their loss as fiercely
        | as the loss of a semiotic-biological cyborg that is
        | wrapped inside another human. But that's just our own
        | bias. Maybe some of these lost narratives and semiotic
        | systems deserve to be mourned just as much. Maybe we
        | should be just as sad for the loss of groups of meaning
        | and narrative (other cultures), but we're just not hard-
        | coded to sense it as well...
        | 
        | And really vibing with your use of the word "substrate"
        | btw.
 
    | golergka wrote:
    | It's all the more interesting because consciousness itself is
    | often described as a consequence of a sensory loop on the
    | brain. The book "I am a strange a loop" goes into detail
    | about this theory.
 
    | patcon wrote:
    | This is a really wonderful comment and i find it very
    | thought-provoking.
    | 
    | I haven't had much in the way of trips, but it resonates a
    | ton with my own emerging understanding of base-reality, if i
    | can call it that
 
  | dr_dshiv wrote:
  | I thought Shannon entropy described the amount of information
  | content in a message; its uncertainty or surprise. Why would it
  | be noise?
 
    | sritchie wrote:
    | Adding one random bit increases the entropy by a bit because
    | there are now two possible messages - your message with a 0
    | or with a 1. Add a bunch of noise and you add a bunch of
    | bits; entropy is average bits per message.
 
    | Animats wrote:
    | See Shannon's original paper, "Communication in the presence
    | of noise".[1] In that view, where the goal is to reproduce
    | the original signal, noise and information are not
    | distinguished, because they look the same on the channel.
    | Both "increase the fractal dimension". Adding noise will make
    | a lossless compression of something much larger. Go add some
    | noise to a simple picture in Photoshop, then export in some
    | lossless compressed format, like .png.
    | 
    | Now, _lossy_ compression algorithms, such as JPEG, MP3, and
    | almost all video compressors, are different. They have some
    | model of what the content is  "supposed to be like", and fit
    | to that model. This works badly for content that does not fit
    | the model, such as the mess JPEG makes of hard edges.
    | 
    | The original author referenced Shannon. The tests he's
    | running use signals from which he cannot extract meaning, so
    | he can only extract the statistics you can compute from a
    | signal you do not understand. There are other tests for "is
    | it signal or is it noise" - looking at the spectrum,
    | autocorrelation to look for repetition (they did some of
    | that), correlation with other signals, and such - but
    | "fractal dimension" isn't one of them.
    | 
    | [1] https://course.ccs.neu.edu/csg250/ShannonNoise.pdf
 
  | TenJack wrote:
  | Interesting. What do you mean by zip file?
 
    | Animats wrote:
    | Lempel-Ziv compression is used by some file compression
    | utilities.[1] The ratio of original size to compressed size
    | is essentially the Lempel-Ziv complexity. If you compress a
    | file of AAAAAAAA..., you will get a very small file, and a
    | low complexity. If you compress a file of random numbers, the
    | file will not compress much, if at all, and you get a high
    | complexity.
    | 
    | "Lempel-Ziv complexity is the number of different sub-strings
    | (or sub-words) encountered as the binary sequence is viewed
    | as a stream (from left to right)"[2] This leads to a
    | compression algorithm.
    | 
    | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93
    | Wel...
    | 
    | [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv_complexity
 
  | Gravityloss wrote:
  | You can look at the EEG spectrogram or calculate its spectral
  | entropy. When you think hard, it resembles white noise and has
  | high entropy. If you close your eyes and relax, it gets more
  | regular and entropy goes down. I've done this myself. And we've
  | known about alpha and delta waves etc for more than a century.
  | When you fall asleep, the signal goes more towards a sine wave,
  | ie less entropy.
  | 
  | Many of these complexity or information content metrics work in
  | similar ways. You can even turn EEG recordings from medical
  | operations with anesthesia to a sound and listen to them. The
  | frequencies are of course very low so you must speed it up. You
  | can clearly say when the person fell asleep. A waterfall turns
  | into a hum.
  | 
  | It makes sense, if you're making measurements of a complex
  | system, of course white noise like results are more probable if
  | there's actually something significant going on, than a simple
  | sine wave. Or picture the modem calling sound. The low data
  | rates are simple waves but the high data rate resembles white
  | noise.
 
| edem wrote:
| Can someone explain this in plain English? What's this fractal
| structure about? And what's critical state?
 
| voldacar wrote:
| To increase the "fractal dimension" of anything, just EQ up the
| high frequency components. White noise has great fractal
| dimension, lol
| 
| Can't wait for this to be on joe rogan
 
| booerino wrote:
| I like LSD quite a lot but have a hard time talking about it. I
| find it kind of highly embarrassing for some reason. Afraid of
| being judged a freak (I look and act pretty odd, but it's not
| because of LSD).
| 
| I am baffled how open some people are. I guess this is the curse
| of having conservative family you'd not like to upset.
 
  | mikelevins wrote:
  | There's some amount of social stigma associated with LSD and
  | other psychedelics, but it seems to have faded away quite a bit
  | since I used it in the late 1970s. Back then, and for some
  | years afterward, the stigma was pretty strong. Admitting that
  | you had used psychedelics was tantamount to admitting that you
  | were crazy and possibly dangerous in many social circles.
  | Thankfully, that doesn't seem to be so much the case anymore.
  | 
  | I've personally never minded admitting that I used psychedelics
  | in the late 70s, but at that time I was accustomed to be seen
  | as a weirdo and an outsider. Indeed, I was so accustomed to it
  | that I didn't even realize that's what was happening. I didn't
  | find out what it was like to be treated as someone ordinary
  | until I took a job with Apple and moved to the SF Bay Area.
  | 
  | I liked LSD and other psychedelics a lot in the late 70s, and
  | used them a lot--enough to find out how often I could take them
  | without tolerance reducing their effects noticeably. I gave up
  | psychedelics and pretty much all other mind-altering substances
  | in the first half of the 1980s. I never liked anything other
  | than psychedelics as much as I liked them.
  | 
  | Of the other substances I experimented with, I liked cannabis
  | best, but I gave it up, too. The best reason I can articulate
  | is that I was no longer getting anything new from them and, as
  | the fellow said, when you've gotten the message, it's time to
  | hang up the phone.
  | 
  | I do still drink the odd glass of whiskey or port or champagne
  | once or twice a year, but that's because I like the sensations
  | of drinking them. I try to avoid drinking enough to get tipsy.
  | 
  | I never cared all that much for drugs that are supposed to make
  | you feel good.
 
| akomtu wrote:
| LSD also increases activity of that fractal dimension.
 
| [deleted]
 
| jb775 wrote:
| There's a company called MindMed that's doing clinical trials
| with Psilocybin/LSD/MDMA and finding that micro-dosing has really
| positive benefits on human disorders linked to the brain
| (depression, PTSD, etc). Could be huge to harness the power of
| these drugs for the benefit of humanity.
 
| nabla9 wrote:
| Here is interesting study lecture and article, maybe somewhat
| related.
| 
| The Geometry and objects of things you see in typical to DMT
| experiences are hyperbolic.
| 
| Lecture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loCBvaj4eSg
| 
| The Hyperbolic Geometry of DMT Experiences: Symmetries, Sheets,
| and Saddled Scenes https://qualiacomputing.com/2016/12/12/the-
| hyperbolic-geomet...
 
  | virtualritz wrote:
  | Very interesting indeed. Thank you for sharing.
  | 
  | Why on Earth is this being downvoted?
 
    | fogof wrote:
    | Well, I'm not a downvoter, but I would disagree with the idea
    | that this is related to the OP. OP is looking at mathematical
    | properties of informational structure of brain scans, whereas
    | this is just describing what people see when they trip.
    | There's no reason the geometry of what you hallucinate should
    | be related to the geometry of cortical activity while you see
    | it.
 
  | anigbrowl wrote:
  | You should consider submitting that second link as its own
  | story. Excellent content.
 
| throwaway64389 wrote:
| Anecdata: I once took LSD and went on a bad trip.
| 
| I "discovered" that everything in the universe is fractal: space,
| time and causality. Every microsecond of existence contains
| within itself the whole existence of the universe and at the same
| time each one of those 'temporal universes' contains other
| temporal universes, every micrometer contains the whole space,
| and every moment there are millions of decisions that take us to
| the next 'frame', but the other decisions still exist and have
| their own decision trees.
| 
| Also, we're all the same person or being.
| 
| Weird day.
 
  | tcmb wrote:
  | That sounds like a profound experience, would you say these
  | insights had any lasting impact on your life? And, if may ask,
  | in what way was it a bad trip? I once took LSD and was hoping
  | for that level of experience, but only got nice visual sfx and
  | some bad emotions later on.
 
    | swayvil wrote:
    | Consider that you're remarking on his takeaway here. The
    | "insights". The conceptual end-product of all that strange-
    | seeing.
    | 
    | But it's the strange-seeing that's the real feast.
 
    | throwaway64389 wrote:
    | I would say it has opened a door to different way of seeing
    | reality, and I can open that door whenever I want, but I
    | don't think it has changed any of the practical decisions
    | I've made.
    | 
    | It was a bad trip because the fractal nature of time implies
    | that your life repeats itself infinitely many times (probably
    | with the exact same details). You can never rest, it's all an
    | infinite loop, and that idea made me extremely distressed,
    | like this fractal nature was some sort of punishment or
    | permanent purgatory.
 
      | pmoriarty wrote:
      | _" It was a bad trip because the fractal nature of time
      | implies that your life repeats itself infinitely many times
      | (probably with the exact same details)."_
      | 
      | This echoes Nietzsche's idea of the Eternal Recurrence of
      | the Same, which he thought would in fact be terrifying to
      | the ordinary man, but the overman could live their life in
      | such a way that the infinite repetition would be fully and
      | unreservedly welcome.
 
  | ketamine__ wrote:
  | I find these experiences like a video game. And since I have to
  | take ketamine for my depression it sometimes provides
  | entertainment to distract me from the other side-effects.
 
  | okareaman wrote:
  | Somewhat similar: Based on the fact that if you break a
  | holographic picture in half then the two halves show a fainter
  | representation of the whole and not a left and right portion, I
  | imagined we each contain the whole mind of god, but a faint
  | representation of it, since we are only a part of the whole.
  | 
  | https://www.litiholo.com/blog/2019/10/11/what-happens-when-y...
 
  | noja wrote:
  | I think this is the way your brain decides things: by replaying
  | events slightly differently, and choosing the best option.
  | 
  | And if that is the way the brain works, then that is the way
  | you would make sense of the world.
 
  | jerrygoyal wrote:
  | somewhat related to your second point
  | https://youtu.be/h6fcK_fRYaI (egg theory)
 
  | gerdesj wrote:
  | You mention microseconds and micometers. Those are on the scale
  | of the edge of our various human senses.
  | 
  | Now, your quantum thingies happen on the scale of the Planck
  | constant. I've just asked Google what h is and I got this
  | beast:
  | 
  | 6.62607004 x 10^-34 m^2 kg / s
  | 
  | Note the mixed suffixes and the silly precision for a web
  | search result. I'm not a mathematician. If I was a physicist or
  | chemist or whatever doing calcs for real, I probably wouldn't
  | use Google to look up the latest result. I'd quote a paper. So
  | 6.63 is more than enough for the number in a search result.
  | 
  | Units: metres squared kilograms per second. The notation for
  | the number is different to the notation for the unit, so we can
  | conclude that Mr Google is a bit slack. The number is given
  | with negative exponent notation and the units with slash
  | notation.
  | 
  | OK, so Google is a bit crap.
  | 
  | Back to my thesis: Your trippy self needs to really get to
  | grips with the fabric of reality. That fabric is far more
  | fantastic and granular than you have experienced so far on LSD.
  | 
  | You carved things up into 10^-3 (micro) when you stuffed some
  | pretty funky drugs into your bloodstream. Mr Planck has shown
  | that you need to worry about 10^-34 if you are going to really
  | get to grips with the fabric of reality. You'll need quite a
  | large lab and some decent funding .... or a bit more
  | imagination.
  | 
  | Good luck.
 
  | gremlinsinc wrote:
  | I've noticed ... changes to existing facts in reality that
  | shouldn't change. No, it wasn't bad memory. I have a bad
  | memory, but when it's something I'm hyper (adhd) obsessively
  | focused on, and then it changes within 3 days, that is
  | different than a mis-remembered childhood spelling like
  | Berenstein/Berenstain Bears.
  | 
  | I'm agnostic (exmormon), I think God(s) are narcissistic man-
  | king-modeled control structures. However after experience
  | reality shift -- all without any drug use... I've become
  | somewhat "spiritual" in a sense, in that I feel there's a lot
  | more to everything than I ever imagined.
  | 
  | Simulation theory is my strongest belief, but secondary would
  | be entropic multiverses colliding when they have no more room
  | to split into new universes.
  | 
  | Scientifically, I find the Cosmological Axis of Evil quite odd
  | that it puts our solar system somehow "central" to the universe
  | (on one axis), from a simulation perspective you could argue
  | the simulation renders what's needed and started here on out.
  | 
  | Anyhow, i've been going down rabbit holes on "occult" wisdom
  | trying to see if there's a way to actually change reality by
  | one's accord. So far dead ends (or I haven't gone far enough
  | yet to reach "enlightenment"), most promising idea is
  | meditation (silencing brain completely) might open some
  | "conduit" to learn from the universe or make changes, or both.
  | 
  | Looking at toltec (/r/castaneda), spiritual subs, buddhist,
  | hindu, etc... that's the one common thread: quiet the mind.
  | Learn to meditate. Lucid dreams may help. Astral Projections
  | could help. I guess in other words train your brain to find
  | some of the same things LSD brings organically without the need
  | for drugs. Probably healthier that way, but it's a long
  | process.
  | 
  | There is a big benefit though in working on meditation
  | practices: anxiety goes way down. That's nice after last year.
  | I've had panic attacks, etc. So, I guess if I figure shit out
  | or not, there's at least a benefit for trying.
 
  | throwaway726665 wrote:
  | Had the same exact experience a year ago on my first trip.
  | 
  | We're all the same person = experiencing one-ness/ego death.
  | 
  | For a lot of people it adds magic into their lives. For my
  | materialist mind, not as much. Just confusion.
  | 
  | I think it gave me what Jordan Peterson calls ontological
  | shock. Having OCD doesn't help since I now obsess about it and
  | I also suspect it made me feel derealized.
 
  | skindoe wrote:
  | Welcome to what mystics from the west and east have been saying
  | for thousands of years.
 
  | rantwasp wrote:
  | http://galactanet.com/oneoff/theegg_mod.html
 
  | romesmoke wrote:
  | >Also, we're all the same person or being. > >Weird day.
  | 
  | Not that weird according to Alan Watts' "Book" AKA "On the
  | Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are". This is the main tenet, and
  | it can briefly be described as a God who plays hide n' seek
  | with Godself.
 
  | fastball wrote:
  | Sounds like a fantastic trip.
 
  | Applejinx wrote:
  | What did you do next? :)
 
  | thebas wrote:
  | I find this description quite unsettling because it is so
  | common. I experienced it myself after trying magic mushroom: We
  | are all one being(we call it the universe), it's consciousness
  | subdivided between us all in order to escape it's solitude. It
  | was scary at the time believing this sad possibility. I'm not
  | so sure but the thought remains. Also follows: whatever you do
  | to me you will be experiencing it.
 
    | Apocryphon wrote:
    | Is it common because it's some sort of profound mystic
    | realization, or just an expected replicable biochemical
    | reaction?
    | 
    | One can experience fractal sensations from a strong cannabis
    | high, are psychedelic ones any qualitatively different? Maybe
    | that's just the way our minds are supposed to bend.
 
    | sammalloy wrote:
    | > I find this description quite unsettling because it is so
    | common.
    | 
    | More importantly, the description isn't just found in trip
    | reports. It's found throughout history, in reports of people
    | who have had what are called peak experiences, sometimes
    | involving trauma. There are many stories of prisoners in the
    | literature, for example, who come to the realization that
    | both the jailer and the jailed are the same.
    | 
    | Jack Kornfield is one of many who is famous for relating the
    | story about how the person being tortured suddenly observes
    | that the person torturing them is the same entity. I believe
    | there are also many reports from concentration camps coming
    | to the same conclusion. It's difficult for us to admit this,
    | because normal waking consciousness would have us sort things
    | into us and them, but there is a level of perception that one
    | can reach, where the interconnectedness of all things is
    | seen.
    | 
    | Many people tend to toss these things into religion or
    | spirituality, but there's nothing supernatural about it at
    | all, it's a biological and ecological reality. The question,
    | however, that doesn't go away, is why are these peak
    | experiences trying to communicate the same or similar
    | ultimate truths to us, truths that seem to contradict and
    | oppose the conditioning and programming of our dominant
    | culture, which tells us we are separate from each other and
    | should be fearful, aggressive, and violent.
 
      | gherkinnn wrote:
      | > Many people tend to toss these things into religion or
      | spirituality
      | 
      | It is a shame that interesting and/or valuable aspects of
      | our lives are held hostage by (what I see as) irritating
      | cults.
 
        | tcmb wrote:
        | I would call spirituality in general the 'mapping' of
        | these spaces, descriptions of the way to get there and
        | navigate them, and the preservation of accounts of people
        | who've visited them.
        | 
        | A religion, as I see it, is already focused on one
        | particular version of the map. This can be fine, for
        | example if the particular path is especially compatible
        | with the rest of the culture that's around it. It starts
        | being problematic once it discredits other versions and
        | accounts. Irritating cults is what it becomes when it
        | gets further warped by ego concerns and
        | misinterpretations.
 
      | gremlinsinc wrote:
      | I'm an atheist (post-mormon) but I do consider it
      | "spiritual" but I hate religion, so I don't group it in
      | there, but I've been having some sort of "awakening" ...
      | I'm not fully atheist though I guess, I could sign on to us
      | all being one consciousness re-living until we experience
      | them all, or just multiple consciousnesses that somehow
      | floated through space and got attached to this earth...
      | 
      | Something something... I can buy an afterlife, just don't
      | buy there's a God, at least not one like any worshiped on
      | earth, they all resemble kings too closely, and are too
      | narcissistic. Enki might be the only exception, he was a
      | scientist - stood up for man, gave us knowledge, but
      | basically is as most scientists humble and could give a
      | rats ass about being worshipped, considers us just the
      | discovery channel. Keyword: Aloof.
      | 
      | Of course, that's just a myth. Still, my favorite
      | mythological character. Anyhow, tangent aside my point - is
      | no God, no need to worship. however if we're all each
      | other, and we are the universe, or part of it and it's all
      | different layers of conscious "agents" as Donald Hoffman
      | calls it, then I think maybe a religion based on that could
      | at least encourage fairness. One tenet : All are one, treat
      | all as you would yourself regardless of race, nationality,
      | religion, sexual orientation, etc.
      | 
      | Honestly, I see that as the penultimate human utopian
      | ideal, but I think as long as we give elitism roots, we'll
      | never get there, there's no room for elitism in a world
      | where all are equal.
 
      | roywiggins wrote:
      | The boring possibility is that humans have to self-generate
      | an ego- babies don't really know the difference between
      | themselves and other people, it's one of the recognized
      | developmental stages. So in unusual situations it's maybe
      | not surprising that that particular ability could get
      | disrupted, it might actually be quite fragile.
 
        | sammalloy wrote:
        | Agreed. This kind of ego dissolution starts to look like
        | philosophical panspychism if you stare at it long enough,
        | particularly when you read the reports of people
        | identifying with non-human animals, plants, and yes, even
        | rocks. At that point, there might be another mechanism at
        | work. If life and mind are just emergent properties of
        | organized and self-replicating matter, is it really crazy
        | (or juvenile) to look back and reflect on everything
        | around us and see it not as a discrete set of things, but
        | as one continuous form? Maybe the problem isn't what we
        | are experiencing, but how we think about it.
 
    | marosgrego wrote:
    | What is sad about it? It seems liberating to me.
 
      | jliptzin wrote:
      | Maybe it's sad if you routinely go around treating other
      | people like shit...
 
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