======================================================================
= Louis_Fischer =
======================================================================
Introduction
======================================================================
Louis Fischer (29 February 1896 – 15 January 1970) was an American
journalist. Among his works were a contribution to the ex-communist
treatise 'The God that Failed' (1949), ' The Life of Mahatma Gandhi'
(1950), basis for the Academy Award-winning film 'Gandhi' (1982), as
well as a 'Life of Lenin', which won the 1965 National Book Award in
History and Biography.
Early life
============
Louis Fischer, the son of a fish peddler, was born in Philadelphia on
29 February 1896. After studying at the Philadelphia School of
Pedagogy from 1914 to 1916, he became a school teacher.
In 1917, Fischer joined the Jewish Legion, a military unit based in
Palestine. On his return to the United States, Fischer took up work at
a news agency in New York City and met Bertha "Markoosha" Mark
(1890-1977). In 1921, when Bertha went to work in Berlin, Fischer
joined her a few months later and began contributing to the 'New York
Evening Post' as a European correspondent. The following year, he
moved to Moscow and married Bertha. In 1923 their first son George was
born (followed by Victor a year later) and Fischer began working for
'The Nation'. He also served as a volunteer in the British Army
between 1918 and 1920.
While in the Soviet Union, Fischer published several books including
'Oil Imperialism: The International Struggle for Petroleum' (1926) and
'The Soviets in World Affairs' (1930).
In 1934, American Max Eastman criticized Fischer for Stalinism in a
chapter called "The 'Revolution' of April 23, 1932" in his book
'Artists in Uniform'. In 1938, Leon Trotsky described Fischer as a
"merchant of lies" and "direct literary agent of Stalin".
Fischer also covered the Spanish Civil War and for a time was a member
of the International Brigade fighting General Francisco Franco. In
1938, he returned to the United States and settled in New York. He
continued to work for 'The Nation' and wrote his autobiography, 'Men
and Politics' (1941). Viktor Fischer, Louis Fischer's son, was a close
friend of Lothar Wloch (1923-1976), the son of and "Koni" Konrad Wolf
who was the Stasi spy master Markus Wolf's brother and uncle of Franz
Wolf, who is very close to Vladimir Putin. In 1989, Markus Wolf wrote
about the three friends Koni, Vik, and Lothar in 'The Troika'.
Fischer left 'The Nation' in 1945 after a dispute with the editor,
Freda Kirchwey, over the journal's sympathetic reporting of Joseph
Stalin. His disillusionment with communism, although he had never been
a member of the Communist Party USA, was reflected in his contribution
to 'The God That Failed' (1949). Fischer began writing for
anti-communist liberal magazines such as 'The Progressive'. Louis
Fischer taught about the Soviet Union at Princeton University until
his death on January 15, 1970.
Denial of the Soviet famine of 1932–33
========================================
Fischer traveled to Ukraine in October and November 1932 for 'The
Nation', and was alarmed at what he saw. "In the Poltava, Vinnitsa,
Podolia and Kiev regions, conditions will be hard," he wrote, "I think
there is no starvation anywhere in Ukraine now — after all they have
just gathered in the harvest, but it was a bad harvest."
Initially critical of the Soviet grain procurement program because it
created the food problem, Fischer by February 1933 adopted the
official Soviet government view, which blamed the problem on Ukrainian
counter-revolutionary nationalist "wreckers." It seemed "whole
villages" had been "contaminated" by such men, who had to be deported
to "lumbering camps and mining areas in distant agricultural areas
which are now just entering upon their pioneering stage." These steps
were forced upon the Kremlin, Fischer wrote, but the Soviets were,
nevertheless, learning how to rule wisely.
In 1934 Fischer accused the Hearst press of attempting to "spoil
Soviet-American relations" by running "an anti-red campaign". The
Hearst titles had been citing the eyewitness reports of famine by the
"Red" labor organizer Fred Beal, and the Welsh freelancer Gareth
Jones, both recently returned from Soviet Ukraine. To make the reports
of what has been since referred to as the Holodomor better serve their
editorial line against Roosevelt's recognition of the Soviet Union
(for which Fischer had campaigned), the Hearst writer, Thomas Walker,
brought the famine forward from 1932-1933 into the current year.
Having been to Ukraine in the spring of 1934, in 'The Nation' Fisher
could confidently report that he saw no famine and he accused Walker
of pure invention.
When asked on a lecture tour of the United States about earlier
reports of a million having died in Kazakhstan he said: Who counted
them? How could anyone march through a country and count a million
people? Of course people are hungry--desperately hungry. Russia is
turning over from agriculture to industrialism. It is like a man going
into business on small capital. Myra Page was clear that Fischer knew
that, in the wake of Stalin's collectivization and grain seizures,
there had been mass starvation. He had discussed the famine with her
in Moscow in 1933, and indeed tried to persuade her "to go down to the
Ukraine" and see for herself. She and her husband, John Markey,
refused to believe him. "We didn't know about the horrors of
collectivization because we chose not to know."
In his essay for the collection 'The God that Failed', published in
1949, Fischer would go on to state that the policy of collectivization
in Ukraine “produced the famine of 1931-32, which killed several
million people”.
''Gandhi and Stalin'' (1947)
==============================
In 'Gandhi and Stalin', Fischer relates Mahatma Gandhi's response to
the question of how pacifists should respond to the persecution of
Jews in Nazi Germany. Fischer describes Gandhi as arguing in 1938 that
German Jews ought to commit collective suicide in order to raise
awareness of Nazi abuses, and continuing to believe after the Second
World War that this would have been the right path. George Orwell
described Fischer as a "warm ... admirer" of Gandhi, but suggested
Fischer was nonetheless "staggered" by Gandhi's argument in this case.
Personal life
======================================================================
George Fischer and Viktor Fischer were his sons.
Works
======================================================================
*'[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95579 Oil
Imperialism: The International Struggle for Petroleum]' (1926)
*'The Soviets in World Affairs'
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.184939 Volume I]
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.53067 Volume II] (1930)
*'The War in Spain' (1937)
*'[https://archive.org/details/menandpolitics006501mbp Men and
Politics]' (autobiography) (1941)
*' Gandhi & Stalin' (1947)
*'The God that Failed' (contribution) (1949)
*'The Life of Mahatma Gandhi' (1950)
*'[https://archive.org/details/lifedeathstalinfischer The Life and
Death of Stalin]' (1952)
*'[https://archive.org/details/russiarevisitedfischer Russia
Revisited: A New Look at Russia and Her Satellites]' (1957)
*'[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.64582 The Story of
Indonesia]' (1959)
*'The Essential Gandhi' (editor) (1962)
*'[https://archive.org/details/lifeofleninfischer The Life of Lenin]'
(1964)
*'Russia's Road from Peace to War' (1969)
External links
======================================================================
*[http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/q237hr93r Louis Fischer Papers
at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University]
*[http://findingaids.princeton.edu/names/73845816 Biography at
princeton.edu]
License
=========
All content on Gopherpedia comes from Wikipedia, and is licensed under CC-BY-SA
License URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Original Article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Fischer