Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Donovan
Request for Comments: 7944 Oracle
Category: Standards Track August 2016
ISSN: 2070-1721
Diameter Routing Message Priority
Abstract
When making routing and resource allocation decisions, Diameter nodes
currently have no generic mechanism to determine the relative
priority of Diameter messages. This document addresses this by
defining a mechanism to allow Diameter endpoints to indicate the
relative priority of Diameter transactions. With this information,
Diameter nodes can factor that priority into routing, resource
allocation, and overload abatement decisions.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7944.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.1. First-Responder-Related Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.2. Emergency-Call-Related Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.3. Differentiated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.4. Application-Specific Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Theory of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Extensibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8. Normative Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. Attribute Value Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9.1. DRMP AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9.2. Attribute Value Pair Flag Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10. Considerations When Defining Application Priorities . . . . . 14
11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11.1. AVP Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
12.1. Potential Threat Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
12.2. Denial-of-Service Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
12.3. End-to-End Security Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1. Introduction
The Diameter Overload Indication Conveyance (DOIC) solution [RFC7683]
for Diameter overload control introduces scenarios where Diameter
routing decisions made by Diameter nodes can be influenced by the
overload state of other Diameter nodes. This includes the scenarios
where Diameter endpoints and Diameter Agents can throttle requests as
a result of the target for the request being overloaded.
With currently available mechanisms, these Diameter nodes do not have
a mechanism to differentiate request message priorities when making
these throttling decisions. As such, all requests are treated the
same, meaning that all requests have the same probability of being
throttled.
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There are scenarios where treating all requests the same can cause
issues. For instance, it might be considered important to reduce the
probability of transactions involving first responders being
throttled during overload scenarios caused, for example, by a period
of heavy signaling resulting from a natural disaster.
This document defines a mechanism that allows Diameter nodes to
indicate the relative priority of Diameter transactions. With this
information, other Diameter nodes can factor the relative priority of
requests into routing and throttling decisions.
1.1. Applicability
There are two primary considerations that must be addressed for the
mechanism described in this document to work effectively. The first
takes into consideration the fact that the Diameter base protocol
defined in [RFC6733] is designed to transport multiple Diameter
applications and that Diameter nodes can be implemented that support
multiple applications. In order for the Diameter Routing Message
Priority (DRMP) mechanism to work, the priorities defined for all
messages across all applications used in a Diameter administrative
domain must be defined in a consistent and coordinated fashion,
taking the default priority into account. See Section 10 for a
discussion of some of the considerations that need to be factored
into the setting of DRMPs used by Diameter applications.
Note that this consideration does not apply to Diameter networks
where all Diameter nodes only support a single application.
Without this cross application priority design taken into
consideration, it is possible for messages for one application to
gain unwarranted preferential treatment over messages for other
applications.
This mechanism also depends on all of the messages that carry the
DRMP Attribute Value Pair (AVP) that are inserted into Diameter
messages by trusted nodes within the Diameter administrative domain.
As discussed in Section 12, misbehaving nodes have the ability to use
the DRMP mechanism to gain unwarranted preferential treatment.
When messages cross Diameter administrative boundaries, care should
be taken to either strip or modify the DRMP values in these messages.
If the priority definitions vary between the two Diameter
administrative domains, then it is possible for messages from a
foreign domain to gain unwarranted preferential treatment.
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2. Terminology and Abbreviations
Diversion
As defined in [RFC7683]. An overload abatement treatment where
the reacting node selects alternate destinations or paths for
requests.
DOIC
Diameter Overload Indication Conveyance.
DRMP
Diameter Routing Message Priority.
Overload Abatement
As defined in [RFC7683]. Reaction to receipt of an overload
report resulting in a reduction in traffic sent to the reporting
node. Abatement actions include diversion and throttling.
Priority
The relative importance of a Diameter message. A lower-priority
value implies a higher relative importance of the message.
Throttling
As defined in [RFC7683]. An abatement treatment that limits the
number of requests sent by the DOIC reacting node. Throttling can
include a Diameter Client choosing to not send requests or a
Diameter Agent or Server rejecting requests with appropriate error
responses. In both cases, the result of the throttling is a
permanent rejection of the transaction.
3. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
The interpretation from RFC 2119 does not apply for the above listed
words when they are not used in all caps.
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4. Problem Statement
With the introduction of overload control mechanisms, Diameter nodes
will be required to make decisions regarding which Diameter request
messages should be throttled as a result of overloaded Diameter
nodes.
There is currently no generic mechanism to indicate which request
messages should be given preferential treatment when these throttling
decisions are made.
As a result, all messages are treated equally and, as such, have an
equal probability of being throttled.
There are a number of scenarios where it is appropriate for an
application to mark a request as being of a higher priority than
other application requests. These are discussed in the next section.
This document defines a mechanism for applications to indicate
priority for individual transactions, reducing the probability of
those transactions being throttled if there are other lower-priority
transactions that are eligible for throttling treatment.
While the primary usage of DRMP-defined priorities is for input to
throttling decisions related to Diameter overload control, it is also
expected that the priority information could also be used for other
routing-related functionality. This might include giving higher-
priority transactions preferential treatment when selecting routes.
It is also envisioned that DRMP information could be used by Diameter
endpoints to make resource allocation decisions. For instance, a
Diameter Server might choose to use the priority information to treat
higher-priority requests ahead of lower-priority requests. It might
also use the priority information as a reason to fail a request as a
result of insufficient resources.
Note: There are a number of application-specific definitions
indicating various views of application-level priority for
different requests. Using these application-specific priority
AVPs as input to throttling and other Diameter routing decisions
would require Diameter Agents to understand all applications and
do application-specific parsing of all messages in order to
determine the priority of individual messages. This is considered
an unacceptable level of complexity to put on elements whose
primary responsibility is to route Diameter messages.
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5. Use Cases
This section discusses various scenarios where Diameter transactions
can benefit from the use of priority information.
It is important to note that for priority information to be reliably
usable, the Diameter nodes sending and consuming DRMP AVPs must have
pre-established trust relationships of the sort described in
Section 12.
5.1. First-Responder-Related Signaling
Natural disasters can result in a considerable increase in usage of
network resources. This can be made worse if the disaster results in
a loss of network capacity.
The combination of added load and reduced capacity can lead to
Diameter nodes becoming overloaded and, as a result, the use of DOIC
mechanisms to request a reduction in traffic. In turn, this results
in requests being throttled in an attempt to control the overload
scenario and prevent the overloaded node from failing.
There is the need for first responders and other individuals
responsible for handling the after effects of the disaster to be
assured that they can gain access to the network resources in order
to communicate both between themselves and with other network
resources.
Signaling associated with first responders needs to be given a higher
priority to help ensure they can most effectively do their jobs.
The United States Wireless Priority Services (WPS) and Government
Emergency Telecommunications Service (GETS) are examples of systems
designed to address the command and control aspects of these first
responder needs.
5.2. Emergency-Call-Related Signaling
Similar to the first responder scenario, there is also signaling
associated with emergency calls. Given the critical nature of these
emergency calls, this signaling should also be given preferential
treatment when possible.
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5.3. Differentiated Services
Operators may desire to differentiate network-based services by
providing a service level agreement (SLA) that includes preferential
Diameter routing behavior. This might, for example, be modeled as
Platinum, Gold, and Silver levels of service.
In this scenario, an operator might offer a Platinum SLA that
includes ensuring that all signaling for a customer who purchases the
Platinum service is being marked as having a higher priority than
signaling associated with Gold and Silver customers.
5.4. Application-Specific Priorities
There are scenarios within Diameter applications where it might be
appropriate to give a subset of the transactions for the application
a higher priority than other transactions for that application.
For instance, when there is a series of transactions required for a
user to gain access to network services, it might be appropriate to
mark transactions that occur later in the series at a higher priority
than those that occur early in the series. This would recognize that
there was potentially significant work done by the network already
that would be lost if those later transactions were throttled.
There are also scenarios where an agent cannot easily differentiate a
request that starts a session from requests that update or end
sessions. In these scenarios, it might be appropriate to mark the
requests that establish new sessions with a lower priority than
updates and session ending requests. This also recognizes that more
work has already taken place for established sessions, and as a
result, it might be more harmful from a signaling point of view if
the session update and session ending requests were to be throttled.
There are also scenarios where the priority of requests for
individual command codes within an application depends on the context
that exists when the request is sent. There isn't always information
in the message from which this context can be determined by Diameter
nodes other than the node that originates the request.
This is similar to the scenario where a series of requests are needed
to access a network service. It is different in that the series of
requests involves different application command codes. In this
scenario, requests with the same command code have different implied
priorities.
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One example of this is in the 3GPP application [S6a] where an
Update Location Request (ULR) resulting from a Mobility Management
Entity (MME) restoration procedure might be given a higher
priority than a ULR resulting from an initial attach.
6. Theory of Operation
This section outlines the envisioned usage of DRMP.
The expected behavior depends on the role (request sender, agent, or
request handler) of the Diameter node handling the request.
The following behavior is expected during the flow of a Diameter
transaction.
1. Request sender -- The sender of a request, be it a Diameter
Client or a Diameter Server, determines the relative priority of
the request and includes that priority information in the
request. The method for determining the relative priority is
application specific and is outside the scope of this
specification. The request sender also saves the priority
information with the transaction state. This will be used when
handling the answer messages.
2. Agents handling the request -- Agents use the priority
information when making routing decisions. This can include
determining which requests to route first, which requests to
throttle, and where the request is routed. For instance,
requests with higher priority might have a lower probability of
being throttled. The mechanism for how the agent determines
which requests are candidates to be throttled is implementation
dependent and is outside the scope of this document. Before
forwarding request messages, agents generally do not modify the
priority information present in the received request message nor
include the priority information when absent in the received
request message. However, in some scenarios, agents can modify
the priority information, for example, edge agents modifying the
priority values set by an adjacent operator. There might be
other scenarios where a Diameter endpoint does not support the
DRMP mechanism, and agents insert the priority information in the
request messages for that non-supporting endpoint. When
forwarding the request messages, the agent also saves the
transaction priority in the transaction state either as locally
managed state or using the Proxy-Info mechanism defined in
[RFC6733]. This will be used when handling the associated answer
message for the transaction.
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3. Request handler -- The handler of the request, be it a Diameter
Server or a Diameter Client, can use the priority information to
determine how to handle the request. This could include
determining the order in which requests are handled and resources
that are applied to the handling of the request.
4. Answer sender -- The handler of the request is also the sender of
the answer. The answer sender uses the priority information
received in the request message when sending the answer. This
implies that answers for higher-priority transactions are given
preferential treatment over lower-priority transactions. The
answer sender also has the option of including priority
information in the answer message. This is done when the answer
message needs to have a different priority than the priority
carried in the request message. The priority included by the
answer sender is application specific.
5. Agent handling the answer -- By default, agents handling answer
messages use the priority information stored with the transaction
state to determine the priority of relaying the answer message.
However, priority information included in the answer message,
when present, is used in place of the stored priority
information. The use of priority information implies that
answers for higher-priority transactions are given preferential
treatment over lower-priority transactions. When forwarding the
answer messages, agents generally do not modify the priority
information present in the received answer messages nor include
the priority information when absent in the received answer
messages. However, in some scenarios, agents can modify the
priority information, for example, edge agents modifying the
priority values set by an adjacent operator. There might be
other scenarios where a Diameter endpoint does not support the
DRMP mechanism, and agents insert the priority information for
that non-supporting endpoint.
6. Answer handler -- The answer handler uses the same method as the
agent to determine the priority of the answer message. By
default, the handler of the answer message uses the priority
saved in the transaction's state. Priority information in the
answer message is used when present. The priority is used when
allocating resources for processing that occurs after the receipt
of the answer message.
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7. Extensibility
This document does not define extensibility mechanisms that are
specific to the DRMP mechanism. As a result, any extension that
requires new AVPs will be required to use existing Diameter
extensibility mechanisms defined in [RFC6733].
8. Normative Behavior
This section contains the normative behavior associated with DRMP.
When routing priority information is available, Diameter nodes SHOULD
include Diameter routing message priority in the DRMP AVP in all
Diameter request messages.
Note: The method of determining the priority value included in the
request is application specific and is not in the scope of this
specification.
The priority marking scheme does not require the Diameter Agents to
understand application-specific AVPs.
When available, Diameter nodes SHOULD use routing priority
information included in the DRMP AVP when making Diameter overload
throttling decisions.
Diameter Agents MAY use routing priority information included in the
DRMP AVP when relaying request and answer messages. This includes
the selection of routes and the ordering of messages relayed.
Note: The priority information included in the DRMP AVP in request
messages applies to both the request message and, by default, the
answer message associated with the transaction.
While done only in exceptional circumstances, Diameter Agents MAY
modify priority information when relaying request and answer
messages.
Note: There might be scenarios where a Diameter Agent does modify
priority information. For instance, an edge agent might need to
modify the priority values set by an adjacent operator.
While done only in exceptional circumstances, Diameter Agents MAY add
priority information when relaying request and answer messages.
Note: There might be scenarios where a Diameter endpoint does not
support the DRMP mechanism, and agents insert priority information
for that non-supporting endpoint.
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Diameter endpoints MAY use routing priority information included in
the DRMP AVP when making resource allocation decisions for the
transaction associated with the request message that contains the
DRMP information.
Diameter endpoints MAY use routing priority information included in
the DRMP AVP when making resource allocation decisions for the
transaction associated with the answer messages using the DRMP
information associated with the transaction.
Diameter endpoints MAY include the DRMP AVP in answer messages. This
is done when the priority for the answer message needs to have a
different priority than the priority carried in the request message.
When determining the priority to apply to answer messages, Diameter
nodes SHOULD use the priority indicated in the DRMP AVP carried in
the answer message, if it exists. If there is not DRMP AVP in the
answer message, then the Diameter node SHOULD use the priority
indicated in the DRMP AVP of the associated request message.
Note: One method to determine what priority to apply to an answer
when there is no DRMP AVP in the answer message is to save the
priority included in the request message in the state associated
with the Diameter transaction. Another is to use the Proxy-Info
mechanism defined in [RFC6733].
Diameter nodes MUST have a default priority to apply to transactions
that do not have an explicit priority set in the DRMP AVP.
In order to guarantee consistent handling of messages from non-
upgraded Diameter Clients, Diameter nodes SHOULD use the PRIORITY_10
priority as this default priority value.
PRIORITY_10 is a midrange priority that corresponds to "normal"
traffic and thus would be a suitable default for most deployments,
while still allowing different Diameter applications to designate
other priorities for lower- and higher-priority traffic.
Note: This does not imply that a DRMP AVP is added to the message.
Rather, the message is treated the same as a message that has a
DRMP AVP with a priority value of PRIORITY_10.
Diameter nodes MUST support the ability for the default priority to
be modified through local configuration interfaces.
Note: There are scenarios where operators might want to specify a
different default value for transactions that do not have an
explicit priority. In this case, the operator-defined local
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policy would override the use of PRIORITY_10 as the default
priority.
When using DRMP information, Diameter nodes MUST use the default
priority for transactions that do not have priority specified in a
DRMP AVP.
Note: This guidance on the handling of messages without a priority
does not result in a Diameter Agent inserting a DRMP AVP into the
message. Rather, it gives guidance on how that specific
transaction should be treated when its priority is compared with
other requests. When a Diameter Agent relays the request, it will
not insert a DRMP AVP with a priority value of 10.
When setting and using priorities, for all integers x,y in [0,15],
treat PRIORITY_<x> as lower priority than PRIORITY_<y> when y<x.
Note: As a result, PRIORITY_0 is the highest priority.
9. Attribute Value Pairs
This section describes the encoding and semantics of the Diameter
Routing Message Priority AVP defined in this document.
9.1. DRMP AVP
The DRMP (AVP code 301) is of type Enumerated. The value of the AVP
indicates the routing message priority for the transaction. The
following values are defined:
PRIORITY_15 15 PRIORITY_15 is the lowest priority.
PRIORITY_14 14 PRIORITY_14 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_15 and
a lower priority than PRIORITY_13.
PRIORITY_13 13 PRIORITY_13 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_14 and
a lower priority than PRIORITY_12.
PRIORITY_12 12 PRIORITY_12 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_13 and
a lower priority than PRIORITY_11.
PRIORITY_11 11 PRIORITY_11 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_12 and
a lower priority than PRIORITY_10.
PRIORITY_10 10 PRIORITY_10 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_11 and
a lower priority than PRIORITY_9.
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PRIORITY_9 9 PRIORITY_9 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_10 and a
lower priority than PRIORITY_8.
PRIORITY_8 8 PRIORITY_8 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_9 and a
lower priority than PRIORITY_7.
PRIORITY_7 7 PRIORITY_7 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_8 and a
lower priority than PRIORITY_6.
PRIORITY_6 6 PRIORITY_6 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_7 and a
lower priority than PRIORITY_5.
PRIORITY_5 5 PRIORITY_5 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_6 and a
lower priority than PRIORITY_4.
PRIORITY_4 4 PRIORITY_4 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_5 and a
lower priority than PRIORITY_3.
PRIORITY_3 3 PRIORITY_3 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_4 and a
lower priority than PRIORITY_2.
PRIORITY_2 2 PRIORITY_2 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_3 and a
lower priority than PRIORITY_1.
PRIORITY_1 1 PRIORITY_1 is a higher priority than PRIORITY_2 and a
lower priority than PRIORITY_0.
PRIORITY_0 0 Priority 0 is the highest priority.
9.2. Attribute Value Pair Flag Rules
+---------+
|AVP Flag |
|Rules |
+----+----+
AVP Section | |MUST|
Attribute Name Code Defined Value Type |MUST| NOT|
+--------------------------------------------------+----+----+
|DRMP 301 9.1 Enumerated | | V |
+--------------------------------------------------+----+----+
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10. Considerations When Defining Application Priorities
As discussed in Section 1.1, it is important that the definition of
priority values used by all applications within a single Diameter
administrative domain be done in a consistent and coordinated manner.
The following are some things to be considered when defining the
DRMPs to be used in Diameter networks that support Diameter nodes
handling multiple applications.
1. As with any prioritization scheme, it is possible for higher-
priority messages to block lower-priority messages from ever
being handled. In a Diameter network, this will often result in
those Diameter transactions being retried. This can result in
more traffic than the network would have handled without use of
the DRMP mechanism.
One potential guideline to prevent unwanted starving of lower-
priority messages is to have higher-priority messages represent a
relatively small portion of messages handled by the Diameter
network under normal scenarios.
Note that there are scenarios, such as first responder
messages, where the blocking of lower-priority messages is a
requirement.
2. When setting priorities for any of the use cases outlined in
Section 5, it is important to use the same priority values across
applications. For instance, when defining priority for the first
responder use case discussed in Section 5.1 and the emergency
call use case discussed in Section 5.2, one high-priority value
might be used for all first responder messages, say PRIORITY_2,
and a slightly lower-priority value, say PRIORITY_3, might be
used for emergency-call-related messages. These values should be
specified for these use cases across all applications used within
the Diameter administrative domain.
Note that the values mentioned here are strictly for
illustrative purposes. The actual values used for these use
cases are likely to be different.
3. Messages without the DRMP AVP will be given default priority
value treatment. This will include messages from Diameter
Clients that have not been updated to support the DRMP mechanism.
It might also include messages from foreign administrative
domains if the DRMP AVPs are stripped from messages crossing the
Diameter administrative domains.
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4. The process used to introduce the DRMP mechanism into a Diameter
network should also be taken into consideration. Messages of the
same type within the same application might get different
treatment depending on whether those messages are sent from nodes
that are upgraded to support the DRMP mechanism versus nodes that
have not yet been upgraded to support the DRMP mechanism.
11. IANA Considerations
11.1. AVP Codes
The new AVP defined by this specification is listed in Section 9.
All AVP codes are allocated from the "AVP Codes" subregistry of the
"Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Parameters"
registry.
12. Security Considerations
DRMP gives Diameter nodes the ability to influence which requests are
throttled during overload scenarios. In addition, DRMP can be used
in determining the routing decisions for request messages. Improper
use of the DRMP mechanism could result in the malicious Diameter node
gaining preferential treatment, by reducing the probability of its
requests being throttled, over other Diameter nodes. This would be
achieved by the malicious node inserting priority values that are
artificially high.
Diameter does not include features to provide end-to-end
authentication, integrity protection, or confidentiality. This opens
the possibility that malicious or compromised agents in the path of a
request could modify the DRMP AVP to reflect a priority different
than that asserted by the sender of the request.
12.1. Potential Threat Modes
The Diameter protocol involves transactions in the form of requests
and answers exchanged between clients and servers. These clients and
servers may be peers; that is, they may share a direct transport
(e.g., the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or Stream Control
Transmission Protocol (SCTP)) connection, or the messages may
traverse one or more intermediaries, known as Diameter Agents.
Diameter nodes use Transport Layer Security (TLS), Datagram Transport
Layer Security (DTLS), or IPsec to authenticate peers and to provide
confidentiality and integrity protection of traffic between peers.
Nodes can make authorization decisions based on the peer identities
authenticated at the transport layer.
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When agents are involved, this presents an effectively transitive
trust model. That is, a Diameter Client or Server can authorize an
agent for certain actions, but it must trust that agent to make
appropriate authorization decisions about its peers, and so on.
Since confidentiality and integrity protection occurs at the
transport layer, agents can read, and perhaps modify, any part of a
Diameter message, including the DRMP AVP.
There are several ways an attacker might attempt to exploit the DRMP
mechanism. A malicious or compromised Diameter node might insert
invalid priority values resulting in either preferential treatment,
resulting from higher values, or degraded treatment resulting from
lower values, for that node.
A similar attack involves a malicious or compromised Diameter Agent
changing the priority value resulting in the sending Diameter node
getting either preferential or degraded service.
The DRMP mechanism can be used to aid in overload throttling
decisions. When this is the case, then the above attacks are limited
in scope to when one or more Diameter nodes are in an overloaded
state.
The DRMP mechanism can also be used to influence the order in which
Diameter messages are handled by Diameter nodes. The above attacks
have a potentially greater impact in this scenario as the priority
indication impacts the handling of all requests at all times,
independent of the overload status of Diameter nodes in the Diameter
network.
12.2. Denial-of-Service Attacks
The DRMP mechanism does not open direct denial-of-service attack
vectors. Rather, it introduces a mechanism where a node can gain
unwarranted preferential treatment. It also introduces a mechanism
where a node can get degraded service in the scenario where a rogue
agent changes the priority value included in messages.
12.3. End-to-End Security Issues
The lack of end-to-end integrity features in Diameter [RFC6733] makes
it difficult to establish trust in DRMP AVPs received from non-
adjacent nodes. Any agents in the message path may insert or modify
DRMP AVPs. Nodes must trust that their adjacent peers perform proper
checks on overload reports from their peers, and so on, creating a
transitive-trust requirement extending for potentially long chains of
nodes. Network operators must determine if this transitive trust
requirement is acceptable for their deployments. Nodes supporting
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DRMP MUST give operators the ability to select which peers are
trusted to deliver DRMP AVPs, and whether they are trusted to forward
the DRMP AVPs from non-adjacent nodes. Diameter nodes MUST strip
DRMP AVPs from messages received from peers that are not trusted for
DRMP purposes.
It is expected that work on end-to-end Diameter security might make
it easier to establish trust in non-adjacent nodes for DRMP purposes.
Readers should be reminded, however, that the DRMP mechanism allows
Diameter Agents to modify AVPs in existing messages that are
originated by other nodes. If end-to-end security is enabled, there
is a risk that such modification could violate integrity protection.
The details of using any future Diameter end-to-end security
mechanism with DRMP will require careful consideration and are beyond
the scope of this document.
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC6733] Fajardo, V., Ed., Arkko, J., Loughney, J., and G. Zorn,
Ed., "Diameter Base Protocol", RFC 6733,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6733, October 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6733>.
13.2. Informative References
[RFC7683] Korhonen, J., Ed., Donovan, S., Ed., Campbell, B., and L.
Morand, "Diameter Overload Indication Conveyance",
RFC 7683, DOI 10.17487/RFC7683, October 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7683>.
[S6a] 3GPP, "Evolved Packet System (EPS); Mobility Management
Entity (MME) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related
interfaces based on Diameter protocol", 3GPP TS
29.272, 14.0.0, June 2016,
<http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/29272.htm>.
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Contributors
The following person contributed substantial ideas, feedback, and
discussion to this document:
o Janet P. Gunn
Author's Address
Steve Donovan
Oracle
7460 Warren Parkway
Frisco, Texas 75034
United States of America
Email: srdonovan@usdonovans.com
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