Network Working Group H. Schulzrinne
Request for Comments: 5244 Columbia U.
Updates: 4733 T. Taylor
Category: Standards Track Nortel
June 2008
Definition of Events for Channel-Oriented Telephony Signalling
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This memo updates RFC 4733 to add event codes for telephony signals
used for channel-associated signalling when carried in the telephony
event RTP payload. It supersedes and adds to the original assignment
of event codes for this purpose in Section 3.14 of RFC 2833. As
documented in Appendix A of RFC 4733, some of the RFC 2833 events
have been deprecated because their specification was ambiguous,
erroneous, or redundant. In fact, the degree of change from Section
3.14 of RFC 2833 is such that implementations of the present document
will be fully backward compatible with RFC 2833 implementations only
in the case of full ABCD-bit signalling. This document expands and
improves the coverage of signalling systems compared to RFC 2833.
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................2
1.1. Overview ...................................................2
1.2. Terminology ................................................3
2. Event Definitions ...............................................4
2.1. Signalling System No. 5 ....................................6
2.1.1. Signalling System No. 5 Line Signals ................6
2.1.2. Signalling System No. 5 Register Signals ............7
2.2. Signalling System R1 and North American MF .................8
2.2.1. Signalling System R1 Line Signals ...................8
2.2.2. Signalling System R1 Register Signals ...............8
2.3. Signalling System R2 ......................................10
2.3.1. Signalling System R2 Line Signals ..................10
2.3.2. Signalling System R2 Register Signals ..............10
2.4. ABCD Transitional Signalling for Digital Trunks ...........12
2.5. Continuity Tones ..........................................14
2.6. Trunk Unavailable Event ...................................14
2.7. Metering Pulse Event ......................................15
3. Congestion Considerations ......................................15
4. Security Considerations ........................................16
5. IANA Considerations ............................................17
6. Acknowledgements ...............................................20
7. References .....................................................20
7.1. Normative References ......................................20
7.2. Informative References ....................................21
1. Introduction
1.1. Overview
This document extends the set of telephony events defined within the
framework of RFC 4733 [4] to include signalling events that can
appear on a circuit in the telephone network. Most of these events
correspond to signals within one of several channel-associated
signalling systems still in use in the PSTN.
Trunks (or circuits) in the PSTN are the media paths between
telephone switches. A succession of protocols have been developed
using tones and electrical conditions on individual trunks to set up
telephone calls using them. The events defined in this document
support an application where such PSTN signalling is carried between
two gateways without being signalled in the IP network: the "RTP
trunk" application.
In the "RTP trunk" application, RTP is used to replace a normal
circuit-switched trunk between two nodes. This is particularly of
interest in a telephone network that is still mostly
circuit-switched. In this case, each end of the RTP trunk encodes
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
audio channels into the appropriate encoding, such as G.723.1 [13] or
G.729 [14]. However, this encoding process destroys in-band
signalling information that is carried using the least-significant
bit ("robbed bit signalling") and may also interfere with in-band
signalling tones, such as the MF (multi-frequency) digit tones.
In a typical application, the gateways may exchange roles from one
call to the next: they must be capable of either sending or receiving
each implemented signal in Table 1.
This document defines events related to four different signalling
systems. Three of these are based on the exchange of multi-frequency
tones. The fourth operates on digital trunks only, and makes use of
low-order bits stolen from the encoded media. In addition, this
document defines tone events for supporting tasks such as continuity
testing of the media path.
Implementors are warned that the descriptions of signalling
systems given below are incomplete. They are provided to give
context to the related event definitions, but omit many details
important to implementation.
1.2. Terminology
In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED",
"SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY",
and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1] and
indicate requirement levels for compliant implementations.
In addition to the abbreviations defined below for specific events,
this document uses the following abbreviations:
KP Key Pulse
MF Multi-frequency
PSTN Public Switched (circuit) Telephone Network
RTP Real-time Transport Protocol [2]
ST Start
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
2. Event Definitions
Table 1 lists all of the events defined in this document. As
indicated in Table 8 (Appendix A) of RFC 4733 [4], use of some of the
RFC 2833 [11] event codes has been deprecated because their
specification was ambiguous, erroneous, or redundant. In fact, the
degree of change from Section 3.14 of RFC 2833 is such that
implementations of the present document will be fully backward
compatible with RFC 2833 implementations only in the case of full
ABCD-bit signalling. This document expands and improves the coverage
of signalling systems compared to RFC 2833.
Note that the IANA registry for telephony event codes was set up by
RFC 4733, not by RFC 2833. Thus, event code assignments originally
made in RFC 2833 appear in the registry only if reaffirmed in RFC
4733 or an update to RFC 4733, such as the present document.
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
+---------------------+------------+-------------+--------+---------+
| Event | Frequency | Event Code | Event | Volume? |
| | (Hz) | | Type | |
+---------------------+------------+-------------+--------+---------+
| MF 0...9 | (Table 2) | 128...137 | tone | yes |
| | | | | |
| MF Code 11 (SS No. | 700+1700 | 123 | tone | yes |
| 5) or KP3P/ST3P | | | | |
| (R1) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| MF KP (SS No. 5) or | 1100+1700 | 124 | tone | yes |
| KP1 (R1) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| MF KP2 (SS No. 5) | 1300+1700 | 125 | tone | yes |
| or KP2P/ST2P (R1) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| MF ST (SS No. 5 and | 1500+1700 | 126 | tone | yes |
| R1) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| MF Code 12 (SS No. | 900+1700 | 127 | tone | yes |
| 5) or KP'/STP (R1) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| ABCD signalling | N/A | 144...159 | state | no |
| | | | | |
| AB signalling (C, D | N/A | 208...211 | state | no |
| unused) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| A bit signalling | N/A | 206...207 | state | no |
| (B, C, D unused) | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Continuity | 2000 | 121 | tone | yes |
| check-tone | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Continuity | 1780 | 122 | tone | yes |
| verify-tone | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Metering pulse | N/A | 174 | other | no |
| | | | | |
| Trunk unavailable | N/A | 175 | other | no |
| | | | | |
| MFC Forward 1...15 | (Table 4) | 176...190 | tone | yes |
| | | | | |
| MFC Backward 1...15 | (Table 5) | 191...205 | tone | yes |
+---------------------+------------+-------------+--------+---------+
Table 1: Trunk Signalling Events
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
2.1. Signalling System No. 5
Signalling System No. 5 (SS No. 5) is defined in ITU-T
Recommendations Q.140 through Q.180 [5]. It has two systems of
signals: "line" signalling to acquire and release the trunk, and
"register" signalling to pass digits forward from one switch to the
next.
2.1.1. Signalling System No. 5 Line Signals
No. 5 line signalling uses tones at two frequencies: 2400 and 2600
Hz. The tones are used singly for most signals, but together for the
Clear-forward and Release-guard. (This reduces the chance of an
accidental call release due to carried media content duplicating one
of the frequencies.) The specific signal indicated by a tone depends
on the stage of call set-up at which it is applied.
No events are defined in support of No. 5 line signalling. However,
implementations MAY use the AB bit events described in Section 2.4
and shown in Table 1 to propagate SS No. 5 line signals. If they do
so, they MUST use the following mappings. These mappings are based
on an underlying mapping equating A=0 to presence of 2400 Hz signal
and B=0 to presence of 2600 Hz signal in the indicated direction.
o both 2400 and 2600 Hz present: event code 208;
o 2400 Hz present: event code 210;
o 2600 Hz present: event code 209;
o neither signal present: event code 211.
The initial event report for each signal SHOULD be generated as soon
as the signal is recognized, and in any case no later than the time
of recognition as indicated in ITU-T Recommendation Q.141, Table 1
(i.e., 40 ms for "seizing" and "proceed-to-send", 125 ms for all
other signals). The packetization interval following the initial
report SHOULD be chosen with considerations of reliable transmission
given first priority. Note that the receiver must supply its own
volume values for converting these events back to tones. Moreover,
the receiver MAY extend the playout of "seizing" until it has
received the first report of a KP event (see below), so that it has
better control of the interval between ending of the seizing signal
and start of KP playout.
The KP has to be sent beginning 80 +/- 20 ms after the SS No. 5
"seizing" signal has stopped.
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
2.1.2. Signalling System No. 5 Register Signals
No. 5 register signalling uses pairs of tones to convey digits and
signals framing them. The tone combinations and corresponding
signals are shown in the Table 2. All signals except KP1 and KP2 are
sent for a duration of 55 ms. KP1 and KP2 are sent for a duration of
100 ms. Inter-signal pauses are always 55 ms.
Upper Frequency (Hz)
+-----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Lower Frequency | 900 | 1100 | 1300 | 1500 | 1700 |
| (Hz) | | | | | |
+-----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 700 | Digit 1 | Digit 2 | Digit 4 | Digit 7 | Code 11 |
| | | | | | |
| 900 | | Digit 3 | Digit 5 | Digit 8 | Code 12 |
| | | | | | |
| 1100 | | | Digit 6 | Digit 9 | KP1 |
| | | | | | |
| 1300 | | | | Digit 0 | KP2 |
| | | | | | |
| 1500 | | | | | ST |
+-----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
Table 2: SS No. 5 Register Signals
The KP signals are used to indicate the start of digit signalling.
KP1 indicates a call expected to terminate in a national network
served by the switch to which the signalling is being sent. KP2
indicates a call that is expected to transit through the switch to
which the signalling is being sent, to another international
exchange. The end of digit signalling is indicated by the ST signal.
Code 11 or Code 12 following a country code (and possibly another
digit) indicates a call to be directed to an operator position in the
destination country. A Code 12 may be followed by other digits
indicating a particular operator to whom the call is to be directed.
Implementations using the telephone-events payload to carry SS No. 5
register signalling MUST use the following events from Table 1 to
convey the register signals shown in Table 2:
o event code 128 to convey Digit 0;
o event codes 129-137 to convey Digits 1 through 9, respectively;
o event code 123 to convey Code 11;
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
o event code 124 to convey KP1;
o event code 125 to convey KP2;
o event code 126 to convey ST;
o event code 127 to convey Code 12.
The sending implementation SHOULD send an initial event report for
the KP signals as soon as they are recognized, and it MUST send an
event report for all of these signals as soon as they have completed.
2.2. Signalling System R1 and North American MF
Signalling System R1 is mainly used in North America, as is the more
common variant designated simply as "MF". R1 is defined in ITU-T
Recommendations Q.310-Q.332 [6], while MF is defined in [9].
Like SS No. 5, R1/MF has both line and register signals. The line
signals (not counting Busy and Reorder) are implemented on analog
trunks through the application of a 2600 Hz tone, and on digital
trunks by using ABCD signalling. Interpretation of the line signals
is state-dependent (as with SS No. 5).
2.2.1. Signalling System R1 Line Signals
In accordance with Table 1/Q.311, implementations MAY use the A bit
events described in Section 2.4 and shown in Table 1 to propagate R1
line signals. If they do so, they MUST use the following mappings.
These mappings are based on an underlying mapping equating A=0 to the
presence of a 2600 Hz signal in the indicated direction and A=1 to
the absence of that signal.
o 2600 Hz present: event code 206;
o no signal present: event code 207.
2.2.2. Signalling System R1 Register Signals
R1 has a signal capacity of 15 codes for forward inter-register
signals but no backward inter-register signals. Each code or digit
is transmitted by a tone pair from a set of 6 frequencies. The R1
register signals consist of KP, ST, and the digits "0" through "9".
The frequencies allotted to the signals are shown in Table 3. Note
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
that these frequencies are the same as those allotted to the
similarly named SS No. 5 register signals, except that KP uses the
frequency combination corresponding to KP1 in SS No. 5. Table 3 also
shows additional signals used in North American practice: KP', KP2P,
KP3P, STP or ST', ST2P, and ST3P [9].
Upper Frequency (Hz)
+------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------------+
| Lower | 900 | 1100 | 1300 | 1500 | 1700 |
| Frequency | | | | | |
| (Hz) | | | | | |
+------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------------+
| 700 | Digit 1 | Digit 2 | Digit 4 | Digit 7 | KP3P or ST3P |
| | | | | | |
| 900 | | Digit 3 | Digit 5 | Digit 8 | KP' or STP |
| | | | | | |
| 1100 | | | Digit 6 | Digit 9 | KP |
| | | | | | |
| 1300 | | | | Digit 0 | KP2P or ST2P |
| | | | | | |
| 1500 | | | | | ST |
+------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------------+
Table 3: R1/MF Register Signals
Implementations using the telephone-events payload to carry North
American R1 register signalling MUST use the following events from
Table 1 to convey the register signals shown in Table 3:
o event code 128 to convey Digit 0;
o event codes 129-137 to convey Digits 1 through 9, respectively;
o event code 123 to convey KP3P or ST3P;
o event code 124 to convey KP;
o event code 125 to convey KP2P or ST2P;
o event code 126 to convey ST;
o event code 127 to convey KP' or STP.
As with the original telephony signals, the receiver interprets
codes 123, 125, and 127 as KPx or STx signals based on their
position in the signalling sequence.
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
Unlike SS No. 5, R1 allows a large tolerance for the time of onset of
register signalling following the recognition of start-dialling line
signal. This means that sending implementations MAY wait to send a
KP event report until the KP has completed.
2.3. Signalling System R2
The International Signalling System R2 is described in ITU-T
Recommendations Q.400-Q.490 [7], but there are many national
variants. R2 line signals are continuous, out-of-band, link by link,
and channel associated. R2 (inter)register signals are multi-
frequency, compelled, in-band, end-to-end, and also channel
associated.
2.3.1. Signalling System R2 Line Signals
R2 line signals may be analog, one-bit digital using the A bit in the
16th channel, or digital using both A and B bits. Implementations
MAY use the A bit or AB bit events described in Section 2.4 and shown
in Table 1 to propagate these signals. If they do so, they MUST use
the following mappings.
1. For the analog R2 line signals shown in Table 1 of ITU-T
Recommendation Q.411, implementations MUST map as follows. This
mapping is based on an underlying mapping of A bit = 0 when tone
is present.
* event code 206 (Table 1) is used to indicate the Q.411 "tone-
on" condition;
* event code 207 (Table 1), is used to indicate the Q.411 "tone-
off" condition.
2. The digital R2 line signals, as described by ITU-T Recommendation
Q.421, are carried in two bits, A and B. The mapping between A
and B bit values and event codes SHALL be the same in both
directions and SHALL follow the principles for A and B bit
mapping specified in Section 2.4.
2.3.2. Signalling System R2 Register Signals
In R2 signalling, the signalling sequence is initiated from the
outgoing exchange by sending a line "seizing" signal. After the line
"seizing" signal (and "seizing acknowledgment" signal in R2D), the
signalling sequence continues using MF register signals. ITU-T
Recommendation Q.441 classifies the forward MF register signals
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
(upper frequencies) into Groups I and II, the backward MF register
signals (lower frequencies) into Groups A and B. These groups are
significant with respect both to what sort of information they convey
and where they can occur in the signalling sequence.
The tones used in R2 register signalling are combinations of two out
of six frequencies. National versions may be reduced to 10 signals
(two out of five frequencies) or 6 signals (two out of four
frequencies).
R2 register signalling is a compelled tone signalling protocol,
meaning that one tone is played until an "acknowledgment or directive
for the next tone" is received that indicates that the original tone
should cease. A R2 forward register signal is acknowledged by a
backward signal. A backward signal is acknowledged by the end of the
forward signal. In exceptional circumstances specified in ITU-T Rec.
Q.442, the downstream entity may send backward signals autonomously
rather than in response to specific forward signals.
In R2 signalling, the signalling sequence is initiated from the
outgoing exchange by sending a forward Group I signal. The first
forward signal is typically the first digit of the called number.
The incoming exchange typically replies with a backward Group A-1
indicating to the outgoing exchange to send the next digit of the
called number.
The tones have meaning; however, the meaning varies depending on
where the tone occurs in the signalling. The meaning may also depend
on the country. Thus, to avoid an unmanageable number of events,
this document simply provides means to indicate the 15 forward and 15
backward MF R2 tones (i.e., using event codes 176-190 and 191-205,
respectively, as shown in Table 1). The frequency pairs for these
tones are shown in Table 4 and Table 5.
Note that a naive strategy for onward relay of R2 inter-register
signals may result in unacceptably long call setup times and timeouts
when the call passes through several exchanges as well as a gateway
before terminating. Several strategies are available for speeding up
the transfer of signalling information across a given relay point.
In the worst case, the relay point has to act as an exchange,
terminating the signalling on one side and reoriginating the call on
the other.
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
Upper Frequency (Hz)
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+
| Lower Frequency (Hz) | 1500 | 1620 | 1740 | 1860 | 1980 |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+
| 1380 | Fwd 1 | Fwd 2 | Fwd 4 | Fwd 7 | Fwd 11 |
| | | | | | |
| 1500 | | Fwd 3 | Fwd 5 | Fwd 8 | Fwd 12 |
| | | | | | |
| 1620 | | | Fwd 6 | Fwd 9 | Fwd 13 |
| | | | | | |
| 1740 | | | | Fwd 10 | Fwd 14 |
| | | | | | |
| 1860 | | | | | Fwd 15 |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+
Table 4: R2 Forward Register Signals
Upper Frequency (Hz)
+-----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Lower Frequency | 1140 | 1020 | 900 | 780 | 660 |
| (Hz) | | | | | |
+-----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1020 | Bkwd 1 | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| 900 | Bkwd 2 | Bkwd 3 | | | |
| | | | | | |
| 780 | Bkwd 4 | Bkwd 5 | Bkwd 6 | | |
| | | | | | |
| 660 | Bkwd 7 | Bkwd 8 | Bkwd 9 | Bkwd 10 | |
| | | | | | |
| 540 | Bkwd 11 | Bkwd 12 | Bkwd 13 | Bkwd 14 | Bkwd 15 |
+-----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
Table 5: R2 Backward Register Signals
2.4. ABCD Transitional Signalling for Digital Trunks
ABCD is a 4-bit signalling system used by digital trunks, where A, B,
C, and D are the designations of the individual bits. Signalling may
be 16-state (all four bits used), 4-state (A and B bits used), or
2-state (A-bit only used). ABCD signalling events are all mutually
exclusive states. The most recent state transition determines the
current state.
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
When using Extended Super Frame (ESF) T1 framing, signalling
information is sent as robbed bits in frames 6, 12, 18, and 24. A D4
superframe only transmits 4-state signalling with A and B bits. On
the Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications (CEPT) E1
frame, all signalling is carried in timeslot 16, and two channels of
16-state (ABCD) signalling are sent per frame. ITU-T Recommendation
G.704 [10] gives the details of ABCD bit placement within the various
framing arrangements.
The meaning of ABCD signals varies with the application. One example
of a specification of ABCD signalling codes is T1.403.02 [16], which
reflects North American practice for "loop" signalling as opposed to
the trunk signalling discussed in previous sections.
Since ABCD information is a state rather than a changing signal,
implementations SHOULD use the following triple-redundancy mechanism,
similar to the one specified in ITU-T Rec. I.366.2 [15], Annex L. At
the time of a transition, the same ABCD information is sent 3 times
at an interval of 5 ms. If another transition occurs during this
time, then this continues. After a period of no change, the ABCD
information is sent every 5 seconds.
As shown in Table 1, the 16 possible states are represented by event
codes 144 to 159, respectively. Implementations using these event
codes MUST map them to and from the ABCD information based on the
following principles:
1. State numbers are derived from the used subset of ABCD bits by
treating them as a single binary number, where the A bit is the
high-order bit.
2. State numbers map to event codes by order of increasing value
(i.e., state number 0 maps to event code 144, ..., state number
15 maps to event code 159).
If only the A and B bits are being used, then the mapping to event
codes shall be as follows:
o A=0, B=0 maps to event code 208;
o A=0, B=1 maps to event code 209;
o A=1, B=0 maps to event code 210;
o A=1, B=1 maps to event code 211;
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
Finally, if only the A bit is used,
o A = 0 maps to event code 206;
o A = 1 maps to event code 207;
Separate event codes are assigned to A-bit and AB-bit signalling
because, as indicated in Rec. G.704 [10], when the B, C, and D
bits are unused, their default values differ between transmission
systems. By specifying codes for only the used bits, this memo
allows the receiving gateway to fill in the remaining bits
according to local configuration.
2.5. Continuity Tones
Continuity tones are used for testing circuit continuity during call
setup. Two basic procedures are used. In international practice,
clause 7 of ITU-T Recommendation Q.724 [8] describes a procedure
applicable to four-wire trunk circuits, where a single 2000 +/- 20 Hz
check-tone is transmitted from the initiating telephone switch. The
remote switch sets up a loopback, and the continuity check passes if
the sending switch can detect the tone on the return path. Clause 8
of Q.724 describes the procedure for two-wire trunk circuits. The
two-wire procedure involves two tones: a 2000 Hz tone sent in the
forward direction and a 1780 +/- 20 Hz tone sent in response.
Note that implementations often send a slightly different check-tone,
e.g., 2010 Hz, because of undesirable aliasing properties of 2000 Hz.
If implementations use the telephone-events payload type to propagate
continuity check-tones, they MUST map these tones to event codes as
follows:
o For four-wire continuity testing, the 2000 Hz check-tone is mapped
to event code 121.
o For two-wire continuity testing, the initial 2000 Hz check-tone Hz
tone is mapped to event code 121. The 1780 Hz continuity
verify-tone is mapped to event code 122.
2.6. Trunk Unavailable Event
This event indicates that the trunk is unavailable for service. The
length of the downtime is indicated in the duration field. The
duration field is set to a value that allows adequate granularity in
describing downtime. A value of 1 second is RECOMMENDED. When the
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
trunk becomes unavailable, this event is sent with the same timestamp
three times at an interval of 20 ms. If the trunk persists in the
unavailable state at the end of the indicated duration, then the
event is retransmitted, preferably with the same redundancy scheme.
Unavailability of the trunk might result from a failure or an
administrative action. This event is used in a stateless manner to
synchronize trunk unavailability between equipment connected through
provisioned RTP trunks. It avoids the unnecessary consumption of
bandwidth in sending a continuous stream of RTP packets with a fixed
payload for the duration of the downtime, as would be required in
certain E1-based applications. In T1-based applications, trunk
conditioning via the ABCD transitional events can be used instead.
2.7. Metering Pulse Event
The metering pulse event may be used to transmit meter pulsing for
billing purposes. For background information, one possible reference
is http://www.seg.co.uk/telecomm/automat3.htm. Since the metering
pulse is a discrete event, each metering pulse event report MUST have
both the 'M' and 'E' bits set. Meter pulsing is normally transmitted
by out-of-band means while conversation is in progress. Senders MUST
therefore be prepared to transmit both the telephone-event and audio
payload types simultaneously. Metering pulse events MUST be
retransmitted as recommended in Section 2.5.1.4 of RFC 4733 [4]. It
is RECOMMENDED that the retransmission interval be the lesser of 50
ms and the pulsing rate but no less than audio packetization rate.
3. Congestion Considerations
The ability to adapt to congestion varies with the signalling system
being used and also differs between line and register signals.
With the specific exception of register signalling for S.S. No. 5 and
R1/MF, the signals described in this document are fairly tolerant of
lengthened durations, should these be necessary. Thus in congested
conditions, the sender may adapt by lengthening the reporting
interval for the tones concerned. At the receiving end, if a tone is
being played out and an under-run occurs due to delayed or lost
packets, it is best to continue playing the tone until the next
packet arrives. Interrupting a tone prematurely, with or without
resumption, can cause the call setup attempt to fail, whereas
extended playout just increases the call setup time.
Register signalling for S.S. No. 5 and R1/MF is subject to time
constraints. Both the tone signals and the silent periods between
them have specified durations and tolerances of the order of 5 to 10
ms. The durations of the individual tones are of the order of two to
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
three packetization intervals (55/68 ms, with the initial KP lasting
100 ms). The critical requirement for transmission of the
telephony-event payload is that the receiver knows which signal to
play out at a given moment. It is less important that the receiver
receive timely notification of the end of each tone. Rather, it
should play out the sequence with the durations specified by the
signalling standard instead of the actual durations reported.
These considerations suggest that as soon as a register signal has
been reliably identified, the sender should emit a report of that
tone. It should then provide an update within 5 ms for reliability
and no more updates until reporting the end of the tone.
Increasing the playout buffer at the receiver during register
signalling will increase reliability. This has to be weighed against
the implied increase in call setup time.
4. Security Considerations
The events for which event codes are provided in this document relate
directly to the setup, billing, and takedown of telephone calls. As
such, they are subject, using the terminology of RFC 3552 [12], to
threats to both communications and system security. The attacks of
concern are:
o confidentiality violations (monitoring of calling and called
numbers);
o establishment of unauthorized telephone connections through
message insertion;
o hijacking of telephone connections through message insertion or
man-in-the-middle modification of messages;
o denial of service to individual telephone calls through message
insertion, modification, deletion, or delay.
These attacks can be prevented by the use of appropriate
confidentiality, authentication, or integrity protection. If
confidentiality, authentication, or integrity protection are needed,
then Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) [3] SHOULD be used
with automated key management.
Additional security considerations are described in RFC 4733 [4].
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
5. IANA Considerations
This document defines the event codes shown in Table 6. These events
are additions to the telephone-event registry established by RFC 4733
[4]. The reference for all of them is the present document.
+------------+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| Event Code | Event Name | Reference |
+------------+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| 121 | Continuity check-tone | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 122 | Continuity verify-tone | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 123 | MF Code 11 (SS No. 5) or KP3P/ST3P (R1) | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 124 | MF KP (SS No. 5) or KP1 (R1) | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 125 | MF KP2 (SS No. 5) or KP2P/ST2P (R1) | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 126 | MF ST (SS No. 5 and R1) | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 127 | MF Code 12 (SS No. 5) or KP'/STP (R1) | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 128 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "0" | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 129 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "1" | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 130 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "2" | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 131 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "3" | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 132 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "4" | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 133 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "5" | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 134 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "6" | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 135 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "7" | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 136 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "8" | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 137 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "9" | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 144 | ABCD signalling state '0000' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 145 | ABCD signalling state '0001' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 146 | ABCD signalling state '0010' | [RFC5244] |
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
| | | |
| 147 | ABCD signalling state '0011' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 148 | ABCD signalling state '0100' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 149 | ABCD signalling state '0101' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 150 | ABCD signalling state '0110' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 151 | ABCD signalling state '0111' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 152 | ABCD signalling state '1000' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 153 | ABCD signalling state '1001' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 154 | ABCD signalling state '1010' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 155 | ABCD signalling state '1011' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 156 | ABCD signalling state '1100' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 157 | ABCD signalling state '1101' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 158 | ABCD signalling state '1110' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 159 | ABCD signalling state '1111' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 174 | Metering pulse | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 175 | Trunk unavailable | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 176 | MFC forward signal 1 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 177 | MFC forward signal 2 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 178 | MFC forward signal 3 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 179 | MFC forward signal 4 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 180 | MFC forward signal 5 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 181 | MFC forward signal 6 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 182 | MFC forward signal 7 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 183 | MFC forward signal 8 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 184 | MFC forward signal 9 | [RFC5244] |
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 18]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
| | | |
| 185 | MFC forward signal 10 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 186 | MFC forward signal 11 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 187 | MFC forward signal 12 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 188 | MFC forward signal 13 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 189 | MFC forward signal 14 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 190 | MFC forward signal 15 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 191 | MFC backward signal 1 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 192 | MFC backward signal 2 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 193 | MFC backward signal 3 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 194 | MFC backward signal 4 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 195 | MFC backward signal 5 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 196 | MFC backward signal 6 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 197 | MFC backward signal 7 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 198 | MFC backward signal 8 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 199 | MFC backward signal 9 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 200 | MFC backward signal 10 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 201 | MFC backward signal 11 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 202 | MFC backward signal 12 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 203 | MFC backward signal 13 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 204 | MFC backward signal 14 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 205 | MFC backward signal 15 | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 206 | A bit signalling state '0' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 207 | A bit signalling state '1' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 208 | AB bit signalling state '00' | [RFC5244] |
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 19]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
| | | |
| 209 | AB bit signalling state '01' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 210 | AB bit signalling state '10' | [RFC5244] |
| | | |
| 211 | AB bit signalling state '11' | [RFC5244] |
+------------+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
Table 6: Channel-Oriented Signalling Events in the
Audio/Telephone-Event Event Code Registry
6. Acknowledgements
The complete list of acknowledgements for contribution to the
development and revision of RFC 2833 is contained in RFC 4733 [4].
The Editor believes or is aware that the following people contributed
specifically to the present document: Flemming Andreasen, Rex
Coldren, Bill Foster, Alfred Hoenes, Rajesh Kumar, Aleksandar Lebl,
Zarko Markov, Oren Peleg, Moshe Samoha, Adrian Soncodi, and Yaakov
Stein. Steve Norreys and Roni Even provided useful review comments.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[2] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson,
"RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", STD 64,
RFC 3550, July 2003.
[3] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC
3711, March 2004.
[4] Schulzrinne, H. and T. Taylor, "RTP Payload for DTMF Digits,
Telephony Tones, and Telephony Signals", RFC 4733, December
2006.
[5] International Telecommunication Union, "Specifications for
signalling system no. 5", ITU-T Recommendation Q.140-Q.180,
November 1988.
[6] International Telecommunication Union, "Specifications of
Signalling System R1", ITU-T Recommendation Q.310-Q.332,
November 1988.
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 20]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
[7] International Telecommunication Union, "Specifications of
Signalling System R2", ITU-T Recommendation Q.400-Q.490,
November 1988.
[8] International Telecommunication Union, "Telephone user part
signalling procedures", ITU-T Recommendation Q.724, November
1988.
[9] Telcordia Technologies, "LSSGR: signalling for Analog
Interfaces", Generic Requirement GR-506, June 1996.
[10] International Telecommunication Union, "Synchronous frame
structures used at 1544, 6312, 2048, 8448 and 44 736 kbit/s
hierarchical levels", ITU-T Recommendation G.704, October 1998.
7.2. Informative References
[11] Schulzrinne, H. and S. Petrack, "RTP Payload for DTMF Digits,
Telephony Tones and Telephony Signals", RFC 2833, May 2000.
[12] Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC Text on
Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552, July 2003.
[13] International Telecommunication Union, "Speech coders : Dual
rate speech coder for multimedia communications transmitting at
5.3 and 6.3 kbit/s", ITU-T Recommendation G.723.1, March 1996.
[14] International Telecommunication Union, "Coding of speech at 8
kbit/s using conjugate-structure algebraic-code-excited linear-
prediction (CS-ACELP)", ITU-T Recommendation G.729, March 1996.
[15] International Telecommunication Union, "AAL type 2 service
specific convergence sublayer for trunking", ITU-T
Recommendation I.366.2, February 1999.
[16] ANSI/T1, "Network and Customer Installation Interfaces -- DS1
Robbed-Bit signalling State Definitions", American National
Standard for Telecommunications T1.403.02-1999, May 1999.
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 21]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
Authors' Addresses
Henning Schulzrinne
Columbia U.
Dept. of Computer Science
Columbia University
1214 Amsterdam Avenue
New York, NY 10027
US
EMail: schulzrinne@cs.columbia.edu
Tom Taylor
Nortel
1852 Lorraine Ave
Ottawa, Ontario K1H 6Z8
CA
EMail: tom.taylor@rogers.com
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 22]
RFC 5244 Channel-Oriented Signalling Events June 2008
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND
THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Intellectual Property
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at
ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
Schulzrinne & Taylor Standards Track [Page 23]