Network Working Group S. Lee
Request for Comments: 3338 M-K. Shin
Category: Experimental Y-J. Kim
ETRI
E. Nordmark
A. Durand
Sun Microsystems
October 2002
Dual Stack Hosts Using "Bump-in-the-API" (BIA)
Status of this Memo
This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document specifies a mechanism of dual stack hosts using a
technique called "Bump-in-the-API"(BIA) which allows for the hosts to
communicate with other IPv6 hosts using existing IPv4 applications.
The goal of this mechanism is the same as that of the Bump-in-the-
stack mechanism, but this mechanism provides the translation method
between the IPv4 APIs and IPv6 APIs. Thus, the goal is simply
achieved without IP header translation.
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Table of Contents:
1. Introduction ................................................ 2
2. Applicability and Disclaimer ................................ 3
2.1 Applicability ............................................... 3
2.2 Disclaimer .................................................. 4
3. Dual Stack Host Architecture Using BIA ...................... 4
3.1 Function Mapper ............................................. 4
3.2 Name Resolver ............................................... 5
3.3 Address Mapper .............................................. 5
4. Behavior Example ............................................ 6
4.1 Originator Behavior ......................................... 6
4.2 Recipient Behavior .......................................... 8
5. Considerations ............................................. 10
5.1 Socket API Conversion ....................................... 10
5.2 ICMP Messages Handling ...................................... 10
5.3 IPv4 Address Pool and Mapping Table ......................... 10
5.4 Internally Assigned IPv4 Addresses .......................... 10
5.5 Mismatch Between DNS Result and Peer Application Version .... 11
5.6 Implementation Issues ....................................... 11
6. Limitations ................................................. 12
7. Security Considerations ..................................... 12
8. Acknowledgments ............................................. 12
9. References .................................................. 12
Appendix: API list intercepted by BIA .......................... 14
Authors Addresses ............................................... 16
Full Copyright Statement ........................................ 17
1. Introduction
RFC2767 [BIS] specifies a host translation mechanism using a
technique called "Bump-in-the-Stack". It translates IPv4 into IPv6,
and vice versa using the IP conversion mechanism defined in [SIIT].
BIS allows hosts to communicate with other IPv6 hosts using existing
IPv4 applications. However, this approach is to use an API
translator which is inserted between the TCP/IP module and network
card driver, so that it has the same limitations as the [SIIT] based
IP header translation methods. In addition, its implementation is
dependent upon the network interface driver.
This document specifies a new mechanism of dual stack hosts called
Bump-in-the-API(BIA) technique. The BIA technique inserts an API
translator between the socket API module and the TCP/IP module in the
dual stack hosts, so that it translates the IPv4 socket API function
into IPv6 socket API function and vice versa. With this mechanism,
the translation can be simplified without IP header translation.
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Using BIA, the dual stack host assumes that there exists both
TCP(UDP)/IPv4 and TCP(UDP)/IPv6 stacks on the local node.
When IPv4 applications on the dual stack communicate with other IPv6
hosts, the API translator detects the socket API functions from IPv4
applications and invokes the IPv6 socket API functions to communicate
with the IPv6 hosts, and vice versa. In order to support
communication between IPv4 applications and the target IPv6 hosts,
pooled IPv4 addresses will be assigned through the name resolver in
the API translator.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC 2119].
This document uses terms defined in [IPv6],[TRANS-MECH] and [BIS].
2. Applicability and Disclaimer
2.1 Applicability
The main purposes of BIA are the same as BIS [BIS]. It makes IPv4
applications communicate with IPv6 hosts without any modification of
those IPv4 applications. However, while BIS is for systems with no
IPv6 stack, BIA is for systems with an IPv6 stack, but on which some
applications are not yet available on IPv6 and source code is not
available preventing the application from being ported. It's good
for early adopters who do not have all applications handy, but not
for mainstream production usage.
There is an issue about a client node running BIA trying to contact a
dual stack node on a port number that is only associated with an IPv4
application (see section 5.5). There are 2 approaches.
- The client application SHOULD cycle through all the addresses and
end up trying the IPv4 one.
- BIA SHOULD do the work.
It is not clear at this time which behavior is desirable (it may very
well be application dependent), so we need to get feedback from
experimentation.
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2.2 Disclaimer
BIA SHOULD NOT be used for an IPv4 application for which source code
is available. We strongly recommend that application programmers
SHOULD NOT use this mechanism when application source code is
available. As well, it SHOULD NOT be used as an excuse not to port
software or delay porting.
3. Dual Stack Host Architecture Using BIA
Figure 1 shows the architecture of the host in which BIA is
installed.
+----------------------------------------------+
| +------------------------------------------+ |
| | | |
| | IPv4 applications | |
| | | |
| +------------------------------------------+ |
| +------------------------------------------+ |
| | Socket API (IPv4, IPv6) | |
| +------------------------------------------+ |
| +-[ API translator]------------------------+ |
| | +-----------+ +---------+ +------------+ | |
| | | Name | | Address | | Function | | |
| | | Resolver | | Mapper | | Mapper | | |
| | +-----------+ +---------+ +------------+ | |
| +------------------------------------------+ |
| +--------------------+ +-------------------+ |
| | | | | |
| | TCP(UDP)/IPv4 | | TCP(UDP)/IPv6 | |
| | | | | |
| +--------------------+ +-------------------+ |
+----------------------------------------------+
Figure 1 Architecture of the dual stack host using BIA
Dual stack hosts defined in RFC2893 [TRANS-MECH] need applications,
TCP/IP modules and addresses for both IPv4 and IPv6. The proposed
hosts in this document have an API translator to communicate with
other IPv6 hosts using existing IPv4 applications. The API
translator consists of 3 modules, a name resolver, an address mapper
and a function mapper.
3.1 Function Mapper
It translates an IPv4 socket API function into an IPv6 socket API
function, and vice versa.
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When detecting the IPv4 socket API functions from IPv4 applications,
it intercepts the function call and invokes new IPv6 socket API
functions which correspond to the IPv4 socket API functions. Those
IPv6 API functions are used to communicate with the target IPv6
hosts. When detecting the IPv6 socket API functions from the data
received from the IPv6 hosts, it works symmetrically in relation to
the previous case.
3.2 Name Resolver
It returns a proper answer in response to the IPv4 application's
request.
When an IPv4 application tries to resolve names via the resolver
library (e.g. gethostbyname()), BIA intercept the function call and
instead call the IPv6 equivalent functions (e.g. getnameinfo()) that
will resolve both A and AAAA records.
If the AAAA record is available, it requests the address mapper to
assign an IPv4 address corresponding to the IPv6 address, then
creates the A record for the assigned IPv4 address, and returns the A
record to the application.
3.3 Address Mapper
It internally maintains a table of the pairs of an IPv4 address and
an IPv6 address. The IPv4 addresses are assigned from an IPv4
address pool. It uses the unassigned IPv4 addresses
(e.g., 0.0.0.1 ~ 0.0.0.255).
When the name resolver or the function mapper requests it to assign
an IPv4 address corresponding to an IPv6 address, it selects and
returns an IPv4 address out of the pool, and registers a new entry
into the table dynamically. The registration occurs in the following
2 cases:
(1) When the name resolver gets only an 'AAAA' record for the target
host name and there is not a mapping entry for the IPv6 address.
(2) When the function mapper gets a socket API function call from the
data received and there is not a mapping entry for the IPv6
source address.
NOTE: This is the same as that of the Address Mapper in [BIS].
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4. Behavior Examples
This section describes behaviors of the proposed dual stack host
called "dual stack", which communicates with an IPv6 host called
"host6" using an IPv4 application.
In this section, the meanings of arrows are as follows:
---> A DNS message for name resolving created by the applications
and the name resolver in the API translator.
+++> An IPv4 address request to and reply from the address mapper
for the name resolver and the function mapper.
===> Data flow by socket API functions created by the
applications and the function mapper in the API translator.
4.1 Originator Behavior
This sub-section describes the behavior when the "dual stack" sends
data to "host6".
When an IPv4 application sends a DNS query to its name server, the
name resolver intercepts the query and then creates a new query to
resolve both A and AAAA records. When only the AAAA record is
resolved, the name resolver requests the address mapper to assign an
IPv4 address corresponding to the IPv6 address.
The name resolver creates an A record for the assigned IPv4 address
and returns it to the IPv4 applications.
In order for the IPv4 application to send IPv4 packets to host6, it
calls the IPv4 socket API function.
The function mapper detects the socket API function from the
application. If the result is from IPv6 applications, it skips the
translation. In the case of IPv4 applications, it requires an IPv6
address to invoke the IPv6 socket API function, thus the function
mapper requests an IPv6 address to the address mapper. The address
mapper selects an IPv4 address from the table and returns the
destination IPv6 address. Using this IPv6 address, the function
mapper invokes an IPv6 socket API function corresponding to the IPv4
socket API function.
When the function mapper receives an IPv6 function call,it requests
the IPv4 address to the address mapper in order to translate the IPv6
socket API function into an IPv4 socket API function. Then, the
function mapper invokes the socket API function for the IPv4
applications.
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Figure 2 illustrates the behavior described above:
"dual stack" "host6"
IPv4 Socket | [ API Translator ] | TCP(UDP)/IP Name
appli- API |Name Address Function| (v6/v4) Server
cation |Resolver Mapper Mapper |
| | | | | | | |
<<Resolve an IPv4 address for "host6".>> | | |
| | | | | | | |
|--------|------->| Query of 'A' records for host6. | |
| | | | | | | |
| | |--------|--------|---------|--------------|------>|
| | | Query of 'A' records and 'AAAA' for host6 |
| | | | | | | |
| | |<-------|--------|---------|--------------|-------|
| | | Reply with the 'AAAA' record. | |
| | | | | | |
| | |<<The 'AAAA' record is resolved.>> |
| | | | | | |
| | |+++++++>| Request one IPv4 address |
| | | | corresponding to the IPv6 address.
| | | | | | |
| | | |<<Assign one IPv4 address.>> |
| | | | | | |
| | |<+++++++| Reply with the IPv4 address. |
| | | | | | |
| | |<<Create 'A' record for the IPv4 address.>>
| | | | | | |
|<-------|--------| Reply with the 'A' record.| |
| | | | | | |
Figure 2 Behavior of the originator (1/2)
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"dual stack" "host6"
IPv4 Socket | [ API Translator ] | TCP(UDP)/IP
appli- API |Name Address Function| (v6/v4)
cation |Resolver Mapper Mapper |
| | | | | | |
<<Call IPv4 Socket API function >> | | |
| | | | | | |
|========|========|========|=======>|An IPv4 Socket API function Call
| | | | | | |
| | | |<+++++++| Request IPv6 addresses|
| | | | | corresponding to the |
| | | | | IPv4 addresses. |
| | | | | | |
| | | |+++++++>| Reply with the IPv6 addresses.
| | | | | | |
| | | | |<<Translate IPv4 into IPv6.>>
| | | | | | |
| An IPv6 Socket API function call.|=========|=============>|
| | | | | | |
| | | | |<<Reply an IPv6 data |
| | | | | to dual stack.>> |
| | | | | | |
| An IPv6 Socket API function call.|<========|==============|
| | | | | | |
| | | | |<<Translate IPv6 into IPv4.>>
| | | | | | |
| | | |<+++++++| Request IPv4 addresses|
| | | | | corresponding to the |
| | | | | IPv6 addresses. |
| | | | | | |
| | | |+++++++>| Reply with the IPv4 addresses.
| | | | | | |
|<=======|========|========|========| An IPv4 Socket function call.
| | | | | | |
Figure 2 Behavior of the originator (2/2)
4.2 Recipient Behavior
This subsection describes the recipient behavior of "dual stack".
The communication is triggered by "host6".
"host6" resolves the address of "dual stack" with 'AAAA' records
through its name server, and then sends an IPv6 packet to the "dual
stack".
The IPv6 packet reaches the "dual stack" and the function mapper
detects it.
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The function mapper requests the IPv4 address to the address mapper
in order to invoke the IPv4 socket API function to communicate with
the IPv4 application. Then the function mapper invokes the
corresponding IPv4 socket API function for the IPv4 applications
corresponding to the IPv6 functions.
Figure 3 illustrates the behavior described above:
"dual stack" "host6"
IPv4 Socket | [ API Translator ] | TCP(UDP)/IP
appli- API |Name Address Function| (v6/v4)
cation |Resolver Mapper Mapper |
| | | | | | |
<<Receive data from "host6".>> | | |
| | | | | | |
| An IPv6 Socket function call.|<========|==============|
| | | | | | |
| | | |<+++++++| Request IPv4 addresses|
| | | | | corresponding to the IPv6
| | | | | addresses. |
| | | | | | |
| | | |+++++++>| Reply with the IPv4 addresses.
| | | | | | |
| | | | |<<Translate IPv6 into IPv4.>>
| | | | | | |
|<=======|========|========|========| An IPv4 function call |
| | | | | | |
<<Reply an IPv4 data to "host6".>> | | |
| | | | | | |
|========|========|========|=======>| An IPv4 function call |
| | | | | | |
| | | | |<<Translate IPv4 into IPv6.>>
| | | | | | |
| | | |<+++++++| Request IPv6 addresses|
| | | | | corresponding to the IPv4
| | | | | addresses. |
| | | | | | |
| | | |+++++++>| Reply with the IPv6 addresses.
| | | | | | |
| An IPv6 Socket function call.|=========|=============>|
| | | | | | |
Figure 3 Behavior of Receiving data from IPv6 host
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5. Considerations
5.1 Socket API Conversion
IPv4 socket API functions are translated into semantically the same
IPv6 socket API functions and vice versa. See Appendix A for the API
list intercepted by BIA. IP addresses embedded in application layer
protocols (e.g., FTP) can be translated in API functions. Its
implementation depends on operating systems.
NOTE: Basically, IPv4 socket API functions are not fully compatible
with IPv6 since the IPv6 has new advanced features.
5.2 ICMP Message Handling
When an application needs ICMP messages values (e.g., Type, Code,
etc.) sent from a network layer, ICMPv4 message values MAY be
translated into ICMPv6 message values based on [SIIT], and vice
versa. It can be implemented using raw socket.
5.3 IPv4 Address Pool and Mapping Table
The address pool consists of the unassigned IPv4 addresses. This
pool can be implemented at different granularity in the node e.g., a
single pool per node, or at some finer granularity such as per user
or per process. However, if a number of IPv4 applications
communicate with IPv6 hosts, the available address spaces will be
exhausted. As a result, it will be impossible for IPv4 applications
to communicate with IPv6 nodes. It requires smart management
techniques for address pool. For example, it is desirable for the
mapper to free the oldest entry and reuse the IPv4 address for
creating a new entry. This issues is the same as [BIS]. In case of
a per-node address mapping table, it MAY cause a larger risk of
running out of address.
5.4 Internally Assigned IPv4 Addresses
The IPv4 addresses, which are internally assigned to IPv6 target
hosts out of the pool, are the unassigned IPv4 addresses (e.g.,
0.0.0.1 ~ 0.0.0.255). There is no potential collision with another
use of the private address space when the IPv4 address flows out from
the host.
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5.5 Mismatch between DNS result(AAAA) and Peer Application
Version(v4)
If a server application you are using does not support IPv6 yet, but
runs on a machine that supports other IPv6 services and this is
listed with a AAAA record in the DNS, a client IPv4 application using
BIA might fail to connect to the server application, because there is
a mismatch between DNS query result (i.e., AAAA) and a server
application version(i.e., IPv4). A solution is to try all the
addresses listed in the DNS and just not fail after the first
attempt. We have two approaches: the client application itself
SHOULD cycle through all the addresses and end up trying the IPv4
one. Or it SHOULD be done by some extensions of name resolver and
API translator in BIA. For this, BIA SHOULD do iterated jobs for
finding the working address used by the other application out of
addresses returned by the extended name resolver. It may very well
be application dependent. Note that BIA might be able to do the
iteraction over all addresses for TCP sockets, since BIA can observe
when the connect call fails. But for UDP sockets it is hard if not
impossible for BIA to know which address worked, hence the
application must do the iteraction over all addresses until it finds
a working address.
Another way to avoid this type of problems is to make BIA only come
into effect when no A records exist for the peer. Thus traffic from
an application using BIA on a dual-stack host to a dual-stack host
would use IPv4.
5.6 Implementation Issues
Some operating systems support the preload library functions, so it
is easy to implement the API translator by using it. For example,
the user can replace all existing socket API functions with user-
defined socket API functions which translate the socket API function.
In this case, every IPv4 application has its own translation library
using a preloaded library which will be bound into the application
before executing it dynamically.
Some other operating systems support the user-defined layered
protocol allowing a user to develop some additional protocols and put
them in the existing protocol stack. In this case, the API
translator can be implemented as a layered protocol module.
In the above two approaches, it is assumed that there exists both
TCP(UDP)/IPv4 and TCP(UDP)/IPv6 stacks and there is no need to modify
or to add a new TCP-UDP/IPv6 stack.
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6. Limitations
In common with [NAT-PT], BIA needs to translate IP addresses embedded
in application layer protocols, e.g., FTP. So it may not work for
new applications which embed addresses in payloads.
This mechanism supports unicast communications only. In order to
support multicast functions, some other additional functionalities
must be considered in the function mapper module.
Since the IPv6 API has new advanced features, it is difficult to
translate such kinds of IPv6 APIs into IPv4 APIs. Thus, IPv6 inbound
communication with advanced features may be discarded.
7. Security Considerations
The security consideration of BIA mostly relies on that of [NAT-PT].
The differences are due to the address translation occurring at the
API and not in the network layer. That is, since the mechanism uses
the API translator at the socket API level, hosts can utilize the
security of the network layer (e.g., IPsec) when they communicate
with IPv6 hosts using IPv4 applications via the mechanism. As well,
there isn't a DNS ALG as in NAT-PT, so there is no interference with
DNSSEC.
The use of address pooling may open a denial of service attack
vulnerability. So BIA should employ the same sort of protection
techniques as [NAT-PT] does.
8. Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the implementation contributions by
Wanjik Lee (wjlee@arang.miryang.ac.kr) and i2soft Corporation
(www.i2soft.net).
9. References
[TRANS-MECH] Gilligan, R. and E. Nordmark, "Transition Mechanisms for
IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 2893, August 2000.
[SIIT] Nordmark, E., "Stateless IP/ICMP Translator (SIIT)", RFC
2765, February 2000.
[FTP] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol",
STD 9, RFC 959, October 1985.
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[NAT] Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022, January
2001.
[IPV4] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
September 1981.
[IPV6] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[NAT-PT] Tsirtsis, G. and P. Srisuresh, "Network Address
Translation - Protocol Translation (NAT-PT)", RFC 2766,
February 2000.
[BIS] Tsuchiya, K., Higuchi, H. and Y. Atarashi, "Dual Stack
Hosts using the "Bump-In-the-Stack" Technique (BIS)",
RFC 2767, February 2000.
[SOCK-EXT] Gilligan, R., Thomson, S., Bound, J. and W. Stevens,
"Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6", RFC 2553,
March 1999.
[RFC 2119] Bradner S., "Key words for use in RFCs to indicate
Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997.
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Appendix A : API list intercepted by BIA
The following functions are the API list which SHOULD be intercepted
by BIA module.
The functions that the application uses to pass addresses into the
system are:
bind()
connect()
sendmsg()
sendto()
The functions that return an address from the system to an
application are:
accept()
recvfrom()
recvmsg()
getpeername()
getsockname()
The functions that are related to socket options are:
getsocketopt()
setsocketopt()
The functions that are used for conversion of IP addresses embedded
in application layer protocol (e.g., FTP, DNS, etc.) are:
recv()
send()
read()
write()
As well, raw sockets for IPv4 and IPv6 MAY be intercepted.
Most of the socket functions require a pointer to the socket address
structure as an argument. Each IPv4 argument is mapped into
corresponding an IPv6 argument, and vice versa.
According to [SOCK-EXT], the following new IPv6 basic APIs and
structures are required.
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IPv4 new IPv6
------------------------------------------------
AF_INET AF_INET6
sockaddr_in sockaddr_in6
gethostbyname() getaddrinfo()
gethostbyaddr() getnameinfo()
inet_ntoa()/inet_addr() inet_pton()/inet_ntop()
INADDR_ANY in6addr_any
BIA MAY intercept inet_ntoa() and inet_addr() and use the address
mapper for those. Doing that enables BIA to support literal IP
addresses.
The gethostbyname() call return a list of addresses. When the name
resolver function invokes getaddrinfo() and getaddrinfo() returns
multiple IP addresses, whether IPv4 or IPv6, they SHOULD all be
represented in the addresses returned by gethostbyname(). Thus if
getaddrinfo() returns multiple IPv6 addresses, this implies that
multiple address mappings will be created; one for each IPv6 address.
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Authors' Addresses
Seungyun Lee
ETRI PEC
161 Kajong-Dong, Yusong-Gu, Taejon 305-350, Korea
Tel: +82 42 860 5508
Fax: +82 42 861 5404
EMail: syl@pec.etri.re.kr
Myung-Ki Shin
ETRI PEC
161 Kajong-Dong, Yusong-Gu, Taejon 305-350, Korea
Tel: +82 42 860 4847
Fax: +82 42 861 5404
EMail: mkshin@pec.etri.re.kr
Yong-Jin Kim
ETRI
161 Kajong-Dong, Yusong-Gu, Taejon 305-350, Korea
Tel: +82 42 860 6564
Fax: +82 42 861 1033
EMail: yjkim@pec.etri.re.kr
Alain Durand
Sun Microsystems, inc.
25 Network circle
Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
Fax: +1 650 786 5896
EMail: Alain.Durand@sun.com
Erik Nordmark
Sun Microsystems Laboratories
180, avenue de l'Europe
38334 SAINT ISMIER Cedex, France
Tel: +33 (0)4 76 18 88 03
Fax: +33 (0)4 76 18 88 88
EMail: erik.nordmark@sun.com
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