Network Working Group E. Levinson
Request for Comments: 1872 Accurate Information Systems, Inc.
Category: Experimental December 1995
The MIME Multipart/Related Content-type
Status of this Memo
This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any
kind. Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
The Multipart/Related content-type provides a common mechanism for
representing objects that are aggregates of related MIME body parts.
This document defines the Multipart/Related content-type and provides
examples of its use.
1. Introduction
Several applications of MIME, including MIME-PEM, and MIME-Macintosh
and other proposals, require multiple body parts that make sense only
in the aggregate. The present approach to these compound objects has
been to define specific multipart subtypes for each new object. In
keeping with the MIME philosophy of having one mechanism to achieve
the same goal for different purposes, this document describes a
single mechanism for such aggregate or compound objects.
The Multipart/Related content-type addresses the MIME representation
of compound objects. The object is categorized by a "type"
parameter. Additional parameters are provided to indicate a specific
starting body part or root and auxiliary information which may be
required when unpacking or processing the object.
Responsibility for the display or processing of a Multipart/Related's
constituent entities rests with the application that handles the
compound object.
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2. Multipart/Related Registration Information
The following form is copied from RFC 1590, Appendix A.
To: IANA@isi.edu
Subject: Registration of new Media Type content-type/subtype
Media Type name: Multipart
Media subtype name: Related
Required parameters: Type, a media type/subtype.
Optional parameters: Start, a content-id.
Start-info, a string or content-id list.
Encoding considerations: Multipart content-types cannot have
encodings.
Security considerations: Depends solely on the referenced type.
Published specification: This document.
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Edward Levinson
Accurate Information Systems, Inc.
2 Industrial Way
Eatontown, NJ 07724
+1 908 389 5550
+1 908 389 5556 (fax)
ELevinson@Accurate.com
3. Intended usage
The Multipart/Related media type is intended for compound objects
consisting of several inter-related body parts. For a
Multipart/Related object, proper display cannot be achieved by
individually displaying the constituent body parts. The content-type
of the Multipart/Related object is specified by the type parameter.
The "start" parameter, if given, points, via a content-ID, to the
body part that contains the object root. The default root is the
first body part within the Multipart/Related body.
The relationships among the body parts of a compound object
distinguishes it from other object types. These relationships are
often represented by links internal to the object's components that
reference the other components. Within a single operating
environment the links are often file names, such links may be
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represented within a MIME message using content-IDs or the value of
some other "Content-" header.
3.1. The Type Parameter
The type parameter must be specified and its value is the MIME media
type of the root body part. It permits a MIME user agent to
determine the content-type without reference to the enclosed body
part. If the value of the type parameter and the root body part's
content-type differ then the User Agent's behavior is undefined.
Note: Constraining the "type" parameter's value to an existing media
type allows the appropriate processing to be identified without
creating yet another hierarchy of registered types. A possible
default action would have the MIME mail User Agent (MUA) to display
the "start" entity alone when it could process the media type as a
basic type but not as Multipart/Related.
3.2. The Start Parameter
The start parameter, if given, is the content-ID of the compound
object's root. If not present the root is the first body part in the
Multipart/Related entity. The root is the element the application
processes first.
In the case of a Multipart/Alternative body part containing several
entities with identical content-IDs the start entity should be
selected using the Multipart/Alternative rules.
Note: The "start" parameter allows for types in which the root
element gets generated by the sending application, perhaps on the
fly. Such an application can create the "start" content-id when
processing begins and then insert the body part when it is complete.
3.3. The Start-Info Parameter
Additional information can be provided to an application by the
start-info parameter. It contains either a string or points, via a
content-ID, to another MIME entity in the message. A typical use
might be to provide additional command line parameters or a MIME
entity giving auxiliary information for processing the compound
object.
Applications that use Multipart/Related must specify the
interpretation of start-info. User Agents shall provide the
parameter's value to the processing application. Processes can
distinguish a start-info reference from a token or quoted-string by
examining the first non-white-space character, "<" indicates a
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content-id reference.
3.4. Syntax
related-param := [ ";" "start" "=" cid ]
[ ";" "start-info" "="
( cid-list / value ) ]
[ ";" "type" "=" type "/" subtype ]
; order independent
cid-list := cid cid-list
cid := msg-id ; c.f. [822]
value := token / quoted-string ; c.f. [MIME]
; value cannot begin with "<"
Note that the parameter values will usually require quoting. Msg-id
contains the special characters "<", ">", "@", and perhaps other
special characters. If msg-id contains quoted-strings, those quote
marks must be escaped. Similarly, the type parameter contains the
special character "/".
4. Examples
4.1 Application/X-FixedRecord
The X-FixedRecord content-type consists of one or more octet- streams
and a list of the lengths of each record. The root, which lists the
record lengths of each record within the streams. The record length
list, type Application/X-FixedRecord, consists of a set of INTEGERs
in ASCII format, one per line. Each INTEGER gives the number of
octets from the octet-stream body part that constitute the next
"record".
The example below, uses a single data block which the sender
processes on the fly to generate the record length list.
Consequently the list appears after the data.
Content-Type: Multipart/Related; boundary=example-1
start="<950120.aaCC@XIson.com>";
type="Application/X-FixedRecord"
start-info="-o ps"
--example-1
Content-Type: Application/octet-stream
Content-Description: The fixed length records
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
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Content-ID: <950120.aaCB@XIson.com>
T2xkIE1hY0RvbmFsZCBoYWQgYSBmYXJtCkUgSS
BFIEkgTwpBbmQgb24gaGlzIGZhcm0gaGUgaGFk
IHNvbWUgZHVja3MKRSBJIEUgSSBPCldpdGggYS
BxdWFjayBxdWFjayBoZXJlLAphIHF1YWNrIHF1
YWNrIHRoZXJlLApldmVyeSB3aGVyZSBhIHF1YW
NrIHF1YWNrCkUgSSBFIEkgTwo=
--example-1
Content-Type: Application/X-FixedRecord
Content-ID: <950120.aaCC@XIson.com>
25
10
34
10
25
21
26
10
--example-1--
4.2 Text/X-Okie
The Text/X-Okie is an invented markup language, similar to
HTML, that permits the inclusion of images with text. A
feature of this example is the inclusion of two additional
body parts, both picture. They are referred to internally by
the encapsulated document via each picture's body part
content-ID. Usage of "cid:", as in this example, may be
useful for a variety of compound objects. It is not, however,
a part of the Multipart/Related specification.
Content-Type: Multipart/Related; boundary=example-2;
start="<950118.AEBH@XIson.com>"
type="Text/x-Okie"
--example-2
Content-Type: Text/x-Okie; charset=iso-8859-1;
declaration="<950118.AEB0@XIson.com>"
Content-ID: <950118.AEBH@XIson.com>
Content-Description: Document
{doc}
This picture was taken by an automatic camera mounted ...
{image file=cid:950118.AECB@XIson.com}
{para}
Now this is an enlargement of the area ...
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{image file=cid:950118.AFDH@XIson.com}
{/doc}
--example-2
Content-Type: image/jpeg
Content-ID: <950118.AFDH@XIson.com>
Content-Transfer-Encoding: BASE64
Content-Description: Picture A
[encoded jpeg image]
--example-2
Content-Type: image/jpeg
Content-ID: <950118.AECB@XIson.com>
Content-Transfer-Encoding: BASE64
Content-Description: Picture B
[encoded jpeg image]
--example-1--
5. User Agent Requirements
User agents that do not recognize Multipart/Related shall, in
accordance with [MIME], treat the entire entity as Multipart/Mixed.
MIME User Agents that recognize Multipart/Related entities but are
unable to process the given type shall either suppress the entire
Multipart/Related body part or process the root alone. In either
case the user should be notified of the MUA's action.
Handling Multipart/Related differs from other media types in that
processing cannot be reduced to handling the individual entities.
Existing media types are handled by MIME-capable MUAs handle in a
straightforward manner. For basic media types (e.g., text, image,
etc.) the body of the entity can be directly passed to a display
process. Composite media types can be reduced to handing one or more
discrete types.
Multipart/Related provides an irreducible composite media type.
The following sections discuss what information the processing
application requires.
It is possible that an application specific "receiving agent" will
manipulate the entities, after initial processing by the MIME User
Agent, prior to invoking actual application process. From the
viewpoint of the MUA, the receiving agent is the application. Okie,
above, demonstrates this; it may need a receiving agent to parse the
document and substitute local file names for the originator's file
names. Other applications may just require a table showing the
correspondence between the local file names and the originator's.
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The receiving agent takes responsibility any for such processing.
5.1 Data Requirements
MIME-capable MUAs are required to provide the application:
(a) the bodies of the MIME entities and the entity Content-*
headers,
(b) the parameters of the Multipart/Related Content-type
header, and
(c) the correspondence between each body's local file name,
that body's header data, and, if present, the body part's
content-ID.
5.2 Storing Multipart/Related Entities
The Multipart/Related media type will be used for objects that have
internal linkages between the body parts. When the objects are
stored the linkages may require processing by the application or its
receiving agent.
5.3 Recursion
MIME is a recursive structure. Hence one must expect a
Multipart/Related entity to contain other Multipart/Related entities.
When a Multipart/Related entity is being processed for display or
storage, any enclosed Multipart/Related entities shall be processed
as though they were being stored. It shall be the responsibility of
the application handling the outermost Multipart/Related to insure
the appropriate processing of embedded Multipart/Related entities.
5.5 Configuration Considerations
It is suggested that MUAs that use configuration mechanisms, see
[CFG] for an example, refer to Multipart/Related as
Multipart/Related/<type>, were <type> is the value of the "type"
parameter.
6. Security Considerations
Security considerations relevant to Multipart/Related are identical
to those of the underlying content-type.
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7. Acknowledgments
This proposal is the result of conversations the author has had with
many people. In particular, similar work was described by Harald A.
Alvestrand (early drafts of Multipart/Related), Dave Crocker
(Multipart/Families), and Keith Moore (Multipart/References). In
addition, James Clark, Charles Goldfarb, Gary Houston, Ned Freed, Ray
Moody, and Don Stinchfield, provided both encouragement and
invaluable help. The author, however, take full responsibility for
all errors contained in this document.
8. References
[822] Crocker, D., "Standard for the Format of ARPA
Internet Text Messages", STD 11, RFC 822, UDEL,
August 1982.
[CFG] Borenstein, N., "A User Agent Configuration
Mechanism For Multimedia Mail Format Information",
RFC 1524, Bellcore, September 1993.
[MIME] Borenstein, N. and and N. Freed, "MIME (Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions) Part One: Mechanisms for
Specifying and Describing the Format of Internet Message
Bodies", RFC 1521, Bellcore, Innosoft, September 1993.
9. Author's Address
Edward Levinson
Accurate Information Systems, Inc.
2 Industrial Way
Eatontown, NJ 07724-2265
USA
Phone: +1 908 389 5550
EMail: ELevinson@Accurate.com
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