From: macmod (Info-Mac Moderator)
Date: Fri, 21 Jan 94 13:11:07 PST
(5.65c/IDA-1.4.4 for info-mac@sumex-aim.stanford.edu); Fri, 21 Jan 1994 10:35:27
-0800
Message-Id: <199401211835.AA02673@oak.cse.ucsc.edu>
From: Eric Rosen <eric@cse.ucsc.edu>
Date: Fri, 21 Jan 1994 10:35:27 -0800
Reply-To: eric@cse.ucsc.edu
Motto: This country has too many lawyers.
X-Mailer: Mail User's Shell (7.2.5 10/14/92)
To: info-mac@sumex-aim.stanford.edu
Subject: Comp-Sys-Mac-Comm FAQ (info-mac/comm/info/comp-sys-mac-comm-faq.txt)
Last-modified: Fri Jan 21 1994
This is the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) list for comp.sys.mac.comm
=======================================================================
This list of frequently asked questions and answers is intended to help
reduce the number of "often asked questions" that make the rounds here
in comp.sys.mac.comm. Since comp.sys.mac.comm is intended as a forum to
discuss telecommunication (and related issues) that are specific to the
Macintosh, most questions about modems, telecommunications in general,
and other non-Macintosh specific communication questions are not listed
here. The proper newsgroup for such questions is usually comp.dcom.modems.
This list is posted periodically (about once a month) to the Usenet
groups comp.sys.mac.comm, news.answers, and comp.answers. Latest versions
of the FAQ can be retrieved via anonymous FTP from the following sites:
mac.archive.umich.edu: mac/misc/documentation/compsysmaccommfaq.txt
sumex-aim.stanford.edu: info-mac/comm/info/comp-sys-mac-comm-faq.txt
rtfm.mit.edu: pub/usenet/comp.sys.mac.comm/c.s.m.c_FAQ_[1_4]
c.s.m.c_FAQ_[2_4]
c.s.m.c_FAQ_[3_4]
c.s.m.c_FAQ_[4_4]
It also available in the Macintosh SIG on Delphi for Delphi members.
This FAQ is purely a volunteer effort. Although every effort has been
made to insure that answers are as complete and accurate as possible,
NO GUARANTEE IS IMPLIED OR INTENDED. The editor and contributors have
developed this FAQ as a service to Usenet. We hope you find it useful.
It has been formatted in setext format for your browsing convenience;
use a setext browser, such as EasyView, to take advantage of setext.
Please send your corrections, and comments to the editor, Eric Rosen,
at eric@cse.ucsc.edu.
SHARE THIS INFORMATION FREELY AND IN GOOD FAITH.
DO NOT DISTRIBUTE MODIFIED VERSIONS OF THIS FAQ.
DO NOT REMOVE THIS NOTICE OR THE TEXT ABOVE.
(INCLUDING THE 'LastModified' HEADER; THANKS.)
================================================================================
**** TABLE OF CONTENTS: ****
[1] Modems and Cables
[1.1] What kind of modem will work with my Macintosh?
[1.2] What kind of cable do I need to use my external modem with my
Macintosh? (Includes cable pinouts)
[1.3] What do V.32, V.42, bis, MNP, etc mean?
[1.4] How fast can the Macintosh serial ports really go?
[1.5] How can I disable call-waiting when using my modem?
[2] File Formats and Conversion
[2.1] What is a resource (or data) fork?
[2.2] What is MacBinary?
[2.3] What is BinHex? What is uuencode? What are atob/btoa ?
[2.4] What is Apple-Single/Double ?
[2.5] What do file suffixes like .hqx, .sit, .bin, etc ... mean
and how can I convert such files back to normal Macintosh
applications and documents?
[3] Macintosh File-transfers
[3.1] What program(s) do(es) Kermit, FTP (client), and/or
X,Y,Z-MODEM and where can I get them?
[3.2] What is the latest version of ZTerm?
[3.3] What is the Communications Toolbox (CTB)?
[3.4] Are there any public-domain or shareware Communication
Toolbox tools that support Kermit, and/or X,Y,Z-MODEM?
[3.5] How can I transfer Macintosh files to/from my Macintosh and
other non-Macintosh computers (eg: mainframes, UNIX boxes,
PCs)?
[3.6] What's the best compression program to use when uploading
files to an archive or BBS? Are there any other guidelines
I should follow?
[3.7] How can I use the programs that are posted to
comp.binaries.mac?
[4] Introduction to AppleTalk (and Remote AppleTalk)
[4.1] What kind of hardware do I need to set up an LocalTalk
network?
[4.2] How can I change the Chooser "user" and name of my
Macintosh? Also: Why can I no longer change the name of
my hard-disk?
[4.3] What is Apple Remote Access ?
[4.4] Where can I get a Remote Access script for my modem?
[5] Networking, MacTCP, Telnet, SL/IP, PPP
[5.1] What is MacTCP and what kind of hardware and software do I
need to use it?
[5.2] What is the difference between AppleTalk, LocalTalk,
EtherNet, EtherTalk, TCP/IP, etc?
[5.3] What is Telnet, and is there a Telnet program for the
Macintosh?
[5.4] Is there a FTP (client/server) program for the Macintosh?
[5.5] What are SL/IP, CSL/IP and PPP?
[5.6] How does MacTCP resolve names into IP addresses?
[6] MacX and Other Ways to Interface With UNIX
[6.1] Can I run X-Windows on my Mac?
[6.2] How can I run MacX over a modem? Is it feasible?
[6.3] What is MacLayers and what do I need to use it?
[6.4] What are UW and MultiSession? Are there other programs like
MacLayers?
[6.5] Is there a UNIX program that will convert between BinHex and
MacBinary?
[6.6] How can I create LaserWriter PostScript printer files and
print them on a PostScript printer connected to a UNIX
network?
[6.7] What is the Columbia AppleTalk Package (CAP)?
[7] Sending and receiving Mail and Usenet News with your Macintosh
[7.1] How can I send/receive Internet mail with my Macintosh?
[7.2] How can I read/post Usenet news with my Macintosh?
[8] Miscellaneous
[8.1] I don't have FTP --- How can I access the various archives
through e-mail?
Appendices:
[A] List of Common File Suffixes and Abbreviations
[B] List of Macintosh archive sites available through the Internet
[C] Vendor Information
[D] Contributors
================================================================================
[1] Modems and Cables
=====================
[1.1] What kind of modem will work with my Macintosh?
-----------------------------------------------------
Any *external* Hayes compatible modem will work with your
Macintosh. There are too many to list or review here; a good
guide to the various protocols, manufacturers, and types of modems
can be found as mac/misc/documentation/modemguide1.1.txt at
the University of Michigan's archive site (see [B]). Another
useful file in the same place is telecomminfo.txt. Also, the
USENET newsgroup comp.dcom.modems is a good place to ask questions
about the many different external Hayes compatible modems. Such
modems can be used with any computer (Macintosh, UNIX box,
MS-DOS PC, Amiga, etc) with a serial port (e.g.: Macintosh modem
port) interface. However, there *are* modems that are designed
specifically for use with the Macintosh. Internal Powerbook
modems, ADB modems, and internal NuBus modems are all examples.
Assuming you wish to use an external modem, your only other
hardware consideration is to find an appropriate cable to connect
it to your Macintosh. Especially at higher baud rates (9600 baud
and up), a hardware-handshaking cable is recommended (see [1.2]
for details). There are many non-hardware-handshaking cables
being sold at reputable computer accessory stores, so it's
recommended that you ask before buying.
Various special modems exist with unique features; the most
notable type is the dual FAX/modem. For more information,
visit comp.dcom.modems or your local dealer: there are simply
too many products to describe here.
[1.2] What kind of cable do I need to use my external modem with my Macintosh?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Most modems have a female DB-25 (25 pin) connector labelled
RS-232C on their backsides. All Macintoshes since the Mac Plus
use a mini DIN-8 (8 pin) connector for the two serial ports
(modem and printer). Earlier models use the larger DB-9 (9 pin)
connector. Finding a generic cable for any configuration should
not be very difficult at most computer accessory stores. They
are typically sold for around $25.
However, especially at the higher baud rates (9600 baud and up),
a hardware handshaking cable is highly recommended. Attempting
to transfer files at high baud rates using a non-hardware-
handshaking cable will likely result in repeated transmission
errors, a drop in the transfer rate, and possibly an aborted
transmission. Since many non-hardware-handshaking cables are
still being sold, it's a good idea to ask before buying.
If you want to "roll-your-own" or are having problems getting
your modem and your Macintosh to communicate, read on. The
serial ports on the Macintosh are not actually RS-232C ports
but are instead RS-422 compliant, a similar but better standard.
This explains some of the difficulty in implementing hardware-
handshaking.
One way to wire your cable is as below:
Macintosh (DTE) Modem (DCE)
DIN-8 DB-25
Pin Signal Signal Pin
1 HSKo --------------------------- RTS 4
2 HSKi --------------------------- CTS 5
3 TxD- --------------------------- TxD 2
4 GND --------------------------- GND 7
5 RxD- --------------------------- RxD 3
6 TxD+ (nc) .-- DSR 6
7 GPi (nc) '-- DTR 20
8 RxD+ --------------------------- GND 7
shield --------------------------- shield
Figure 1.2.1
If your modem cannot be configured to ignore DTR, or if you
are using an old 1200 baud or 2400 baud modem, the pinout in
Figure 1.2.1 is probably best. However, if you are using a
high-speed modem that can ignore DTR, and/or Remote AppleTalk,
you should instead use the pinout in Figure 1.2.2, which is
the pinout "recommended" by Apple:
Macintosh (DTE) Modem (DCE)
DIN-8 DB-25
Pin Signal Signal Pin
1 HSKo ----------------------+---- RTS 4
'---- DTR 20
2 HSKi --------------------------- CTS 5
3 TxD- --------------------------- TxD 2
4 GND ----+---------------------- GND 7
8 RxD+ ----'
5 RxD- --------------------------- RxD 3
6 TxD+ (nc)
7 GPi --------------------------- DCD 8
shield --------------------------- shield
Figure 1.2.2
Note: You can find a pretty picture of this PICT by using
ResEdit to open the Apple Modem Tool Extension CTB tool.
Note: Be careful! Although technically, you should not be able
to damage either your modem or computer by using an incorrectly
wired cable, you should always perform a connectivity test to
double-check your wiring before using your homemade cable.
Some serial devices place auxiliary voltages on non-standard
pins.
Note: If you are having trouble finding or soldering a mini DIN-8
connector (they can be expensive and are rather small), it is
suggested you purchase a straight-through DIN-8 to DIN-8 cable
(often sold for use with serial port switches), cut it in half,
and wire each end to a DB-25 connector that can plug into your
modem (resulting in *two* cables).
Note: If you are running A/UX and are having difficulties
controlling your modem from software, see the comp.unix.aux FAQ
for the latest information on an A/UX specific cable.
Many people routinely ask for a pinout diagram for the mini DIN-8
connector; Figure 1.2.3 shows the pinout as if you were looking at
the (female) connector on your Macintosh; the (male) cable connector
will be a mirror image. (Figure artwork by Ben Cranston)
Mini DIN-8 Macintosh Serial Connector Pinout
/------###------\ 1 HSKo Output Handshake
/ ### \ (Zilog 8530 DTR pin)
/ \ 2 HSKi/CLK Input Handshake *OR*
/ [|] [|] [|] \ External Clock
/ 8 7 6 \ 3 TxD- Transmit data (-)
| |
| | 4 Ground Signal ground
| === === === |
| 5 4 3 | 5 RxD- Receive data (-)
| |
| | 6 TxD+ Transmit data (+)
\----+ === === +----/
\###| 2 1 |###/ 7 N/C (no connection)
\##| |##/
\| |/ 8 RxD+ Receive data (+)
\------###------/
###
Figure 1.2.3
Finally, it should be noted that there is no *best* RS-422 to
RS-232 cable. You'll see many different wiring diagrams posted
to Usenet. Each usually has its own purpose and champion; the
two given in this FAQ, however, are fairly generic and one or
the other should work with most modems being sold today.
[1.3] What do V.32, V.42, bis, MNP, etc mean?
---------------------------------------------
Because these topics are universal telecommunications issues,
they are more fully discussed in comp.dcom.modems. However, a
short description of some of the more common abbreviations and
buzzwords is given below.
An excellent article on the subject of modems, including
a guide to buying high-speed modems, is available from
InfoMac (sumex-aim) and its mirror sites as the file
info-mac/comm/info/modem-guide-11.hqx.
Buzzword What it typically means
--------------- ----------------------------------------------
bit : binary digit; amount of information necessary
to distinguish between two equally likely
events (such as the value of a binary digit)
byte : eight bits; size of a single ASCII character
bps : bits per second
baud : one analog signal state change; people usually
use baud and bps interchangeable although most
modern modems can encode multiple bits per baud
Bell 103 : 300 bps U.S. Standard
Bell 212A : 1200 bps U.S. Standard
LAP/M : Link Access Protocol/Modem.
MNP : Microcom Networking Protocol (Proprietary)
MNP5 : MNP extension; 2 to 1 data compression.
V.32 : 9600bps, 4800bps
V.32bis : 14.4Kbps, 12Kbps, 9600bps, 7200bps, 4800bps
V.32terbo : psuedo-standard extending V.32bis to 16.8, 19.2 kbs
V.42 : MNP 4 and LAP/M modem to modem error correction
V.42bis : LAP/M and 4-to-1 data compression.
Table 1.3.1
[1.4] How fast can the Macintosh serial ports really go?
--------------------------------------------------------
The Macintosh operating system supports data rates up to 57600 baud,
but the Macintosh serial hardware can support transfer rates that
are much higher if they are externally clocked. Serial port
sound-input-devices such as the Cedar Technologies SID and
Farallon's MacRecorder, as well as AppleTalk boxes, use this trick
to achieve transfer rates greater than 100 Kbps.
Note: Powerbooks are known to have problems at extremely high
data rates. These problems are caused by Power Manager overhead.
System 7.1 is supposed to solve or alleviate these problems.
Note: AppleTalk being active can degrade serial port performance,
as can ethernet-network traffic. Turning of AppleTalk via
the Chooser, or disconnecting the ethernet transceiver, are
work-arounds.
[1.5] How can I disable call-waiting when using my modem?
---------------------------------------------------------
This varies depending on your local phone company, but often,
if you preced the phone number you wish to tone dial
with "*70," (omit the quotes but not the comma), you can
disable call-waiting FOR THAT CALL ONLY.
If you have a strictly rotary dial line, try preceding the
phone number with "1170".
In the United Kingdon, the code to use #43#.
================================================================================
[2] File Formats and Conversion
===============================
[2.1] What is a resource (or data) fork?
----------------------------------------
A Macintosh file has two parts: a data fork and a resource fork.
Text files and GIF image files are examples of Macintosh files
that are usually stored completely in the data fork, and have
an empty (or nonexistent) resource fork. Applications, as a
a counter-example, store most if not all of their information
in 'resources' in the resource fork and usually have an empty
data fork.
Because this two-forked organization of files isn't very common,
transferring Macintosh files that have non-empty resource forks
to non-Macintosh machines (such as UNIX boxes, or MS-DOS machines)
requires special encoding, described below.
[2.2] What is MacBinary?
------------------------
MacBinary is a standard way of taking a Macintosh file (both
resource and data forks) and creating a new file with just
a data fork. This new file can then be transferred through
machines which know nothing about the native Macintosh file
system, without losing the information stored in the resource
fork.
MacBinary also stores other information (such as the filename,
creation and modification dates, file type and creator) about
the original file.
If you want to store some Macintosh files on a non-Macintosh
computer, one way is to convert them to a MacBinary format file
before transferring. Note that MacBinary files are useless to
people who are not using Macintosh computers. MacBinary's
purpose is to encapsulate *all* information contained in a
Macintosh file for transport over a non-Macintosh medium. For
this reason, you should not use MacBinary and/or BinHex to
post GIF images, for example, to Usenet because (1) GIF images
contain no Macintosh specific information and (2) doing so will
make it impossible for most non-Macintosh users to display your
image.
Although a Macintosh program (called MacBinary) does exist
to do the converting to and from MacBinary, almost all modern
Macintosh telecommunications programs have the capability of
converting and unconverting MacBinary files for you. ZTerm,
for example, can be configured to automatically detect when
a MacBinary file is being received and to convert this file
to its original representation; or, if you are uploading,
ZTerm can optionally encode the file into MacBinary before
sending. Fetch, White Knight, and most other commercial and
shareware products have equivalent or similar capabilities.
Dennis Brothers designed the original MacBinary standard many
years ago. Yves Lempereur incorporated this standard into
his Binhex 4.0 program (see [2.3]), solving a major problem
on Compuserve. About a year later, around the time the Mac Plus
came out, group discussions on Compuserve led to an enhancement
of the original MacBinary standard. Since then, BinHex 4.0 and
the new MacBinary have become the standard way of encapsulating
Macintosh files for transferring over foreign systems throughout
the Internet, Usenet, and elsewhere.
MacBinary I is the name given to the old MacBinary standard.
MacBinary II is the name given to the new MacBinary standard
which everybody uses today; in common usage, MacBinary means
MacBinary II.
[2.3] (a) What is BinHex? (b) What is uuencode? (c) What are atob/btoa ?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) A "binary" file is usually intended to describe a file which
does not always have the high bit in each byte set to zero.
Text and BinHex files are the most common examples of non-binary
data. Programs and images are common examples of binary data.
MacBinary files are specially encoded binary files (see 2.2]).
Unfortunately, many network e-mail and Usenet gateways are only
receptive to non-binary files. To make it possible to send
binary files such as Macintosh MacBinary files through e-mail
or Usenet, it is necessary to convert these files to a text-
compatible form. BinHex and uuencode are two different ways
of doing this. Both BinHex and uuencode result in files that
are larger than the original binary version.
BinHex 4.0, by Yves Lempereur, is a binary to text translator
that can directly encode any Macintosh document (ie: it knows
how to convert information in both the resource and data forks).
BinHex files can be easily recognized since they begin with the
line:
(This file must be converted with BinHex 4.0)
and are followed by a line starting with a colon, ':'. The
BinHex encoding of the file follows, and is ended with another
colon.
There is in fact a program called "BinHex 4.0" in various
archives, but you don't have to use it to convert files to and
from BinHex. In fact, due to some bugs, it's best to use some
of the other more powerful utilities, such as HQXer, DeHqx,
StuffIt Expander and other StuffIt programs, and Compact Pro,
to name only a few. UNIX utilities (see [6.5]) that manipulate
BinHex, MacBinary, and other types of Macintosh files are also
available. StuffIt Expander has the advantage of also being able
to automatically expand StuffIt, Compact Pro, and Applelink
archives.
Just about every Macintosh program posted appears as a BinHex
archive. Some Macintosh archives also store their files in BinHex
to allow users who don't have (or forget to use) binary mode in
FTP to succesfully transfer files.
BinHex files are denoted by the suffix ".hqx". The specifications
to BinHex, should you be an interested programmer, are available
at the University of Michigan's Macintosh archive site as
mac/misc/documentation/binhex4.0specs.txt, or at InfoMac sites
as dev/info/binhex-40-specs.txt .
There is also a program/format called "BinHex 5.0"; it is NOT
a more advanced version of "BinHex 4.0" but rather a separate
_binary_ format (it uses the entire eight-bit ASCII character
set and is thus not suitable for news postings or e-mail)
that was the precursor to MacBinary (see [2.2]). Converting
a file with BinHex 5.0 and then using BinHex 4.0 is another way
of converting a native Macintosh files with data and resource
forks into a format that can be e-mailed or posted (and then
reconstructed). MacBinary, however, is almost always used in
preference to BinHex 5.0.
(b) "uuencode" is a binary to text translator that serves the
same purpose as BinHex, except that it knows nothing about the
Macintosh resource/data fork structure. uuencode was designed to
allow UNIX binary files to be easily transferred through text-
only interfaces, such as e-mail. Every uuencoded file contains
a line similar to:
begin 644 usa-map.gif
followed by a series of lines of ASCII text characters (which
are normally 60 characters long and begin with the letter 'M').
The file ends with a line containing the word 'end'. There may
be other special keywords included. Usually, one won't find
Macintosh files in uuencode format; however, most non-Macintosh
specific binary data posted to Usenet is uuencoded, so if you
wish to use any of this data (such as the images posted in
alt.binaries.* and elsewhere), you will need to deal with
uuencode. The programs 'uuencode' and 'uudecode' exist on most
UNIX systems. If not, ask a local expert to find them. Several
programs allow you to convert to and from uuencode using your
Macintosh; among these are UUTool 2.3.2 and UULite 1.4.2.
uencoded files are usually denoted by the suffix ".uu".
There is a StuffIt translator to handle uuencode conversion.
(c) atob and btoa are programs typically found on UNIX systems
that also convert between binary and ASCII-printable character
sets. Although not as popular as uuencode, btoa produces smaller
text-compatible versions of binary files that can be e-mailed or
posted on Usenet. Check your local man pages for details.
There are StuffIt translators to handle atob/btoa conversion.
[2.4] What is Apple-Single/Double ?
-----------------------------------
AppleDouble is another means of storing Macintosh files on
non-Macintosh computers or filesystems, particularly on UNIX
filesystems that also allow files to be mounted under the
Macintosh operating system via AppleShare (or an equivalent
product).
AppleDouble files are actually two files. The data fork
of the corresponding Macintosh file is stored in a single
file just as it exists on the Macintosh using the original
filename. The resource fork is stored in a second file whose
name is obtained by prefixing the original filename with '%'.
More extensive documentation is available at ftp.apple.com.
A few Macintosh programs decode these files; one such utility
is Tiger 1.11. The macutils UNIX utilities [see 6.5] may also
be useful. Eudora 1.4 and later also handles this format.
If you are trying to figure out how to access the files in
the 'mac.bin' directory at ftp-archive maintained by the
University of Michigan, don't bother; all those files exist
in .hqx format in the 'mac' directory.
[2.5] What do file suffixes like .hqx, .sit, .bin, etc ... mean and how
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
can I convert such files back to normal Macintosh applications
and documents?
Most files available by FTP or posted to Usenet are modified
twice to allow them to more easily pass through foreign computer
systems. Files may be compressed to make them smaller, and/or
they are almost always translated to either BinHex (.hqx) or
MacBinary (.bin) format (see [2.2] and [2.3] for an explanation
of these formats).
How a Macintosh file has been translated and compressed for
transmission is indicated by its suffix. Normally a file will
have a name similar in form to: filename.xxx.yyy, where:
.xxx indicates how it was compressed
.yyy indicates how it was translated
Usually, .xxx is one of: .cpt, .dd, .sea, .sit
Usually, .yyy is one of: .bin, .hqx, .image
To convert a file back to its native Macintosh format, you will
typically need to go through one step per suffix. For example,
the filename "Swatch.cpt.hqx" indicates that a Compact Pro
archive (.cpt) "Swatch" has been translated to BinHex (.hqx).
To recreate the file(s) in the original archive, you must
first 'undo' the BinHex transformation, creating a Compact Pro
archive, and then open the Compact Pro archive and extract
the file(s) in the archive.
You can use the following table to determine what Macintosh
programs decode which formats. For a more complete description
of the various Macintosh archival programs, see the excellent
FAQ for comp.sys.mac.apps.
Suffix: .sit .cpt .hqx .bin .pit .Z .image .dd .zip .uu .tar
Extractors
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
StuffIt 3.0 | ! X X X X X X ! ! !
$ Expander | X X X
Compact Pro | * X X
UULite 1.4.2 | X
MacCompress | X
SunTar | X X X X
BinHex 5.0 | X
BinHex 4.0 | X
DiskDoubler | * X X
ZipIt | X
UnZip | X
DiskCopy | X
Packit | X
Table 2.5.1
! Note: StuffIt Deluxe now includes translators for .tar, .uu,
MacBinary, atob, btoa, AppleLink packages, AppleSingle, DiskDoubler,
and UNIX compress. These translators can also be used with StuffIt
Lite. .arc and .zip translators are also distributed with StuffIt
Deluxe, but remain part of the commercial package. In order to
expand DiskDoubler archives, StuffIt uses inter-application
communication and hence requires DiskDoubler to be installed.
$ 'Expander' refers to StuffIt Expander 3.0.7 which can decode BinHex,
StuffIt, Compact Pro, and Applelink archives. It supports drag-
and-drop under System 7. StuffIt Expander is distributed free by
Aladdin Systems Inc.
* StuffIt formats after 3.0 are recognized
The following file suffixes indicate formats that are native
to the Macintosh and which can be manipulated using the indicated
programs:
.bin MacBinary files; see [2.2]
.cpt Compact Pro archive files; [see 3.6]
.dd DiskDoubler archive files; [see 3.6]
.hqx BinHex files; see [2.3], [3.7]
.image Apple DiskCopy disk image file (typically used for
distributing system software); latest version available
via anonymous ftp from ftp.apple.com
.pit Packit files; [see 3.6]
.sea Self-extracting archive files; this usually denotes an
application which can be double-clicked upon to create
a decompressed version of the archive
.sit StuffIt archive files; [see 3.6]
.sitd mistakenly used to indicate files created by StuffIt
Deluxe; *all* StuffIt files should be given the .sit
extension (says the author!)
Table 2.5.2
The following file suffixes indicate formats that are not native
to the Macintosh, but in most cases, files of these types can
be manipulated on the Macintosh using the indicated programs.
.arc MS-DOS PC archive file; ArcPop, MacArc
.arj MS-DOS PC archive file; unArjMac
.gif Compuserve Graphics Interchange File; many programs,
free, shareware and commercial exist to display and/or
modify these images; some of the popular shareware ones
are: QuickGIF and GIFConverter.
.lzh Amiga or old MS-DOS PC archive file; LHarc or MacLHa
.shar UNIX shell archive file; Unshar 1.5
.uu UNIX uuencoded files; see [2.3]
.Z UNIX 'compress' archive file; MacCompress 3.2
.z GNU ZIP file; typically created on UNIX
.zip MS-DOS PC archive file; UnZip, ZipPop
Table 2.5.3
================================================================================
[3] Macintosh File-transfers
============================
[3.1] What programs support Kermit, FTP (client), and/or X,Y,Z-MODEM
--------------------------------------------------------------------
and where can I get them?
The following is a fairly complete list of the popular free, shareware,
and payware terminal and file-transfer programs currently available.
(Last revised: 11/93).
CL: Communicate Lite, $50 SRP, various discounts available,
Mark/Space Softworks, mspace@netcom.com
CM: Comet, free, Kevin Eric Saunders
saunders@nmc.cit.cornell.edu or comet-comments@nmc.cit.cornell.edu;
FTP from comet.cit.cornell.edu or ftp.cit.cornell.edu
GT: GrafTerm, $50 shareware, Infrastructure Software
MI: MacIntercomm, $130, New World Computing, Inc., (818) 999-0607,
help@inter.com
MK: MacKermit, free, source code is available, fdc@watsun.cc.columbia.edu
ML: MacLayers 1.30, free, UNIX source included, Eric C. Rosen and
David W. Trissel, layers-reply@rascal.ics.utexas.edu
MP: MicroPhone II, $175, cheaper sidegrades often available, Software
Ventures Corporation, (510) 6441325, microphone@svcdudes.com
Also, MicroPhone Pro, a slightly more capable package.
PT: PacerTerm, $159, Pacer Software, (619) 454-0565,
support@pacersoft.com
QV: QVT, $50 shareware, QPC Software
SC: Smartcom II, $84, $59 upgrade from Smartcom, Hayes,
(404) 441-1617, BBS: 800-US-HAYES
ST: SITcomm 1.0, $120, sidegrades are $49, and existing Aladdin customers
pay only $39, Aladdin Systems, (408) 761-6200,
aladdin@applelink.apple.com or aladdin@well.sf.ca.us
TM: Term, free, Peter DeCamillo and Jon Gilbert
cmsmaint@brownvm.brown.edu
TL: Terminal, free, source code included, Erny Tontlinger
73720.2200@compuserve.com
TR: Termulator, $25 shareware, Brad Quick
TY: Termy, free, Ice Engineering, termy@ice.com
VP: VersaTerm Pro, $177, Synergy Software, (215) 779-0522,
D2296@applelink.apple.com
VT: VersaTerm, $90, Synergy Software, (215) 779-0522
D2296@applelink.apple.com
WK: White Knight, $85, Freesoft, (412) 846-2700
ZT: ZTerm, $30 shareware, $40 with disk, Dave Alverson,
davea@xetron.com
5P: 5PM, $370, Advanced Software Concepts, US Distributors,
adv.soft@applelink.apple.com, (33) 93 24 76 00
The archive sites described in the Appendix are the best place
to look for free or shareware file-transfer programs. Other
commercial but non-shareware ("payware") products must be
purchased from a dealer or the company directly.
Table 3.1.1 summarizes file transfer capabilities of various
Macintosh telecommunications programs.
Programs: ZT SC MP ST VT VP WK TR PT GT ML MK QV TM TL TY CM 5P MI CL
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protocols |
__________|
XMODEM | X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
YMODEM | X X X X X X X X X X
ZMODEM | X X X X X X X X X X X
Kermit | X X X X X X X X X X X
QuickB | X X X ! X X
B Plus | X X X
FTP | X X X X
TFTP | X
rmac/wmac | X
Flash | X
FT3270 | X
CTB tools | X X X X X X X
! White Knight supports the QuickB protocol through an
FTP-able external RCMD module, NewQuickB.PROC.
Table 3.1.1
Table 3.1.2 summarizes the terminal-emulation capabilities of
various Macintosh telecommunications programs:
Programs: ZT SC MP ST VT VP WK TR PT GT ML MK QV TM TL TY CM 5P MI CL
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Terminals |
__________|
TTY | X X X X X X X X X X X X X
VT52 | X X X X X X X
VT100 | X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
VT102 | X X X X X X X X X X X X
VT220 | X X X X X X X
VT320 | X X X X
VT420 | X
PC/ANSI | X X X X
IBM3270 | X X X X
IBM5250 | X
Tek 4010 | X X X
Tek 4014 | X X X
Tek 4105/7| X
TVI950 | X
DG210/211 | X X
Prestel | X
Controls | X X X
CTB tools | X X X X X
Table 3.1.2
Table 3.1.3 summarizes the scripting capabilities of various
Macintosh telecommunications programs:
Programs: ZT SC MP ST VT VP WK TR PT GT ML MK QV TM TL TY CM 5P MI CL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Scripting |
___________|
Recording | X X X X X X X X
If/Else | X a X X X X X X
Loops | X a X X X X X
XCMDs | X X X X X
FileOps | X a X X X X X
Arithmetic | X a X X X X X
Variables | X X a X X X X X X
User Input | X a X X X X X X
Key Remaps | X X X X X
Arrays | X a ! X X
Wait/Send | a X X X X
AppleScript| X
a denotes capability is accessible through AppleScript
Table 3.1.3
Note: SITcomm is fully AppleScript-able (all features can be
controlled through AppleScript). The Frontier Runtime portion
of the Frontier scripting system is also bundled with SITcomm.
! Although PacerTerm does not support arrays per se, it
does implement HyperTalk's chunk expressions that allow
any variable to be referred to as a collection of
characters, items, words, or lines.
The February, 1993 issue of "MacUser" reviews White Knight,
MicroPhone II, Smartcom II (for the Macintosh), ZTerm, and
MacIntercomm. The review is also useful for those new to
telecommunications in general.
Peter Newton's DialScript 1.7, archived at rascal.ics.utexas.edu,
is a telecommunications scripting utility useful for automating
complicated logins and then automatically launching applications
or startup documents. It's free and the source is available.
[3.2] What is the latest version of ZTerm?
------------------------------------------
ZTerm is currently at revision level 0.9 (4/93). Other released
versions were 0.7, 0.75 and 0.8, and 0.85.
Two "fake" versions of ZTerm have circulated. Recently (4/93),
a hacked version called "ZTerm 0.93 XK", based on 0.9, was
distributed.
An older also fake version labelled "ZTerm 1.0" has also been
seen. Neither versions were released by the author, Dave Alverson.
For the latest scoop on ZTerm, as well as advice on features, bugs,
bug fixes, and more, see Leslie Jones' ZTerm FAQ which is posted
to comp.sys.mac.comm, comp.sys.mac.apps, news.answers, and the
InfoMac and UMich archives.
[3.3] What is the Communications Toolbox (CTB)?
-----------------------------------------------
The Communications Toolbox is a Macintosh operating system
interface that provides a standard interface for programmers
writing communications programs. Rather than make calls to
control the modem serial port, for example, a programmer can
call an equivalent CTB routine. This allows the operating system
to manage the serial port(s) just like any other limited
resource. In addition, specific "tools" that interface with
modems, provide terminal emulation, or handle file transferring
can be implemented as external add-on features to CTB-aware
programs.
The CTB requires System 6.0.4 or later. The CTB is built into
System 7. Tools can be added by placing them in the Extensions
folder; rebooting is not necessary. Under System 6.0.X, CTB
tools belong in the Communications folder.
[3.4] Are there any shareware or freeware tools that support Kermit,
--------------------------------------------------------------------
and/or X,Y,Z-MODEM?
Termy 1.0, freeware from Ice Engineering, is the only CTB-aware
application that can be obtained via anonymous FTP. Termy has
no built-in support for any connection methods, file transfer
protocols, or terminal emulation, so you will need to obtain
Communication Toolbox tools for each of these.
Tim Endres has written and released TGE TCP Tool, a Connection
Tool for the Communications Toolbox. It provides TELNET and
transparent TCP connections. The tool is free for personal use.
Several modem Connection tools are available from the various
FTP sites. These include the Apple Modem Tool 1.11, the Hayes
Modem Tool 1.02, the CCL Modem Tool 1.0, and the Zoom Modem
Tool 1.11. After recently releasing his CTB File Transfer tool,
Kermit Tool GH (which supports MacBinary, RLE compression,
and other features), Glenn Howes has gone on to release a YMODEM
tool.
The Basic Connection Tools Disk is available from ftp.apple.com
as /dts/mac/sys.soft/netcomm/basic-conn-set-1-1-1-image.hqx .
You will need DiskCopy or MountImage to decode the image file.
This disk includes VT102 and TTY terminal tools, XMODEM and Text
File Transfer tools, and Modem, Serial, and Appletalk
Connection tools (10/92).
Advanced Software Concepts has demonstration versions of
several CTB tools at InfoMac sites in the demo directory.
Demo versions of a TCP/IP Connection tool, an FTP File Transfer
tool, as well as VT420, IBM3270, and IBM5250 Terminal tools
are being distributed (10/92).
Stalker Software has a demonstration version of its VideoTex
terminal tool at InfoMac sites. Stalker has also released a
free CEPT Modem Tool, which is equivalent to the CCL Modem Tool
but also supports the CEPT-1 low-level protocol used by European
VideoTex systems.
New free and shareware CTB tools inevitably get posted to Info-
Mac where they appear in the info-mac/comm directory and also
to mac.archive.umich.edu in mac/system.extensions/commtoolbox.
If you give the command "ls *tool*" in these directories
through an anonymous FTP connection, you can get a list of
all the free and shareware CTB tools currently available.
There are also a number of available *payware* tools:
o Mark/Space Softworks has developed a ZMODEM CTB tool (along
with XMODEM and YMODEM tools). A demonstration version of the
ZMODEM tool is available for anonymous FTP with the restriction
that uploading is not supported. The demo is available in the
Communications directory at Info-Mac FTP sites, among other places.
o MicroPhone Pro includes a Telnet tool (along with some FAX
support software). MicroPhone II does not include the Telnet
tool, unfortunately.
o PacerTerm ships with a broad collection of tools, including:
XMODEM, ZMODEM, Kermit, and FTP file transfer tools; Telnet,
LAT, ADSP, and serial connection tools; and TTY, VT102, and
VT320 terminal tools.
o Seaquest Software has released XMODEM, YMODEM, and Kermit file
transfer tools. It also has been said to be developing a ZMODEM
tool for well over a year now (8/93).
o SITcomm ships with a full set of CTB tools; included are XMODEM,
YMODEM, ZMODEM, and Kermit file transfer tools, as well as TTY and
VT102 connection tools, and Apple Modem Tool v1.5.
o Versaterm and Versaterm Pro include FTP client and server file
transfer tools and Telnet, LAT, SL/IP, and ADSP connection
tools.
o 5PM ships with a Telnet Tool and the Apple Basic Connectivity
Set (XMODEM, ADSP, serial, modem, TTY, VT102, VT320). Other tools
are available from Advanced Software Concepts : FTP, VT420,
IBM3270 and IBM5250.
[3.5] How can I transfer Macintosh files to/from my Macintosh and other
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
non-Macintosh computers (eg: mainframes, UNIX boxes, PCs)?
If your telecommunication program supports MacBinary (they
almost all do), turn MacBinary on. This usually involves
selecting a menu option or clicking a radio button in a
'preferences' type dialog box. Then, transfer your file
normally. Your Macintosh file will be sent as a MacBinary file
that can be treated as an ordinary binary file.
If your telecommunication program does not support MacBinary,
get a copy of the MacBinary program and use it to make a
MacBinary version of your Macintosh file. Then send this
MacBinary file. Meanwhile, look around at the various shareware
and commercial telecommunications programs that do support
Macbinary. See [3.1].
Note: Not all files need to be transferred as MacBinary files.
In particular, most text and non-Macintosh specific binary files
(like GIF/JPEG images) do not. See [2.2] for more information.
To actually "download" a file (eg: transfer it from a remote
host computer to your Macintosh), you must first instruct the
remote computer to send the file by issuing a command. For
example, to download a file from a Unix machine using XMODEM,
you would first have to give a command similar to:
% sx filename
where 'sx' is the local Unix program to send a file using XMODEM
and 'filename' is the name of the file you wish to send. Then,
locally, you must start the file transfer by typically choosing
a menu option in your terminal program. The process is similar
for Kermit transfers. Terminal programs that support ZMODEM
should recognize the start of a ZMODEM download automatically.
Note: Not all systems are alike. The command to start XMODEM
may not necessarily be 'sx'; another possibility is 'xmodem'.
Ask your local system administrator if you cannot find the
right program; most sites support something. Also, see the
listing below.
To upload, first issue the appropriate receive command on the
remote host computer; then, select the local send option in your
terminal program. Good ZMODEM packages can start the remote file
transfer automatically.
If you experience multiple CRC errors when downloading with
ZMODEM, especially after backgrounding the download, try sending
your file using a fixed window size, eg: 'sz -w 1024 filename'.
If errors persist, also try escaping control characters,
eg: 'sz -ew 1024 filename'. Depending on your setup, you may
be able to use a larger window size (eg: use 4096 or 2048
instead of 1024) which can slightly reduce transfer time.
Typical Unix programs that support transfering files via a
serial (modem) link:
Kermit XMODEM YMODEM ZMODEM
------- ------ ------ ------
kermit sx sb sz
ckermit xmodem
If you are trying to transfer a lot of information between
a Macintosh and an MS-DOS PC, and your Macintosh has an FDHD
disk drive (also known as a SuperDrive), using Apple File
Exchange, or any of the various shareware and payware programs
that allow you to access (or even mount) MS-DOS formatted 3.5"
HD diskettes, can greatly speed up the transfering process.
Apple File Exchange even provides for automatic translation
of certain types of files. If you are transfering a lot of
information between a Macintosh and a Unix system, you can
use the (free) Macintosh program suntar to read 1.44 MB Unix
tar floppies.
Note: On most Sun Microsystems' floppy drives, the appropriate
formatting command is "fdformat -ev /dev/rfd0c". This will
verify and eject the disk after formatting. Then use tar to
copy files to the device /dev/rfd0c.
[3.6] What's the best compression program to use when uploading files
---------------------------------------------------------------------
to an archive or BBS? Are there any other guidelines I should
follow?
Best Compression: (Revised 3/93)
---- -----------
The shareware program StuffIt Lite ($25) (and its commericial
sibling, StuffIt Deluxe) are generally regarded as providing
the best compression performance of the many Macintosh
compression utilities. Both programs also sport a fancy
user-interface. Registered users of StuffIt Lite can upgrade
to StuffIt Deluxe for $45, which includes many other compression
tools that are not directly applicable to telecommunications.
The shareware program Compact Pro ($25) provides similar compression
performance to StuffIt Lite and also has a loyal set of users.
Individual preferences differ, so the editor suggests you try
using both programs (StuffIt Lite and Compact Pro are available
for FTP at the various archives sites) and choose the one you
like best. Note that StuffIt 1.5.1 and Stuffit Classic are
*not* the same as, nor as good as, StuffIt Lite 3.0.
Posting Macintosh Programs: (Revised 4/93)
------- --------- --------
You should use either StuffIt Lite, StuffIt Deluxe, or Compact
Pro to compress Macintosh files you send to anonymous FTP sites
and BBS's. Do not post PackIt, Disk Doubler, SuperDisk, Zip,
or any other type of archive (including self-extracting
archives -- see below). Stuffit Lite 3.0 and Compact Pro
have evolved as the standard archive formats for posting
Macintosh files for good reasons.
Regardless of which archiver you use, PLEASE DO NOT MAKE AN
AN ARCHIVE YOU ARE POSTING SELF-EXTRACTING! The extra code
added to the file to make it self-extracting is NOT insignificant
in size. The convenience of self-extracting archives is not worth
the space they waste at anonymous-FTP sites and BBS's (where
literally thousands of compressed files are stored). Self-
extracting archives are useful in other contexts, but should be
discouraged as a medium for posting to archives. Also, don't
rely on the archive maintainer having the time to extract your
self-extracting post and re-archiving it; these volunteers are
simply too busy to take on this additional burden.
Before you create your archive, set the Finder label of all
files you plan to include in the archive to 'None'.
Avoid using strange punctuation marks in filenames that you
will distribute. Characters such as exclamation points, spaces,
dollar signs, etc, are legal characters in Macintosh filenames
but can be difficult to work with on non-Macintosh systems
(where most Macintosh archives are stored). Since BinHex and
MacBinary store your original Macintosh filename, removing
strange characters from a BinHex'd or MacBinary'd file before
distributing will not affect the original filename. As an
example, MyFile-215.sit is a perfectly acceptable filename.
After you have created the archive and named it appropriately,
BinHex encode it (see [2.3]). Edit the resulting text file
and include a short description of the archive you want to
distribute, including any system requirements and problems.
If you include a signature, limit it to a single line.
Finally, upload the text file (if necessary) and e-mail it
to macgifts@mac.archive.umich.edu. Your subject line should
specify a suggested name and location for your submission,
eg:
To: macgifts@mac.archive.umich.edu
Subject: app/myfile-215.sit.hqx
Mailing your archive to macgifts automatically submits it
to the InfoMac archives, mac.archive.umich.edu, and the
Usenet group comp.binaries.mac.
Thanks for complying with these guidelines.
[3.7] How can I use the programs that are posted to comp.binaries.mac?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The files posted to comp.binaries.mac are in BinHex 4.0 format.
Long files are split into several postings that must be
concatenated IN THE PROPER ORDER (and usually with headers
and signatures removed) before converting.
First, read the man page or other documentation for your
newsreader. A little time spent here can save you a lot of time
doing repetitive tedious work later. Find out how to save an
article to a file.
Next, save all the posted articles for a given program posted to
comp.binaries.mac to a single file. Don't combine postings that
are for different programs, but do save multi-part postings to
the same file, in increasing order of part number. For example,
if you are using the UNIX newsreaders 'rn', 'trn', or something
similar:
***** 15 unread articles in comp.binaries.mac--read now? [=ynq]
2761 Great Icon Editor (part 1 of 2)
2762 Great Icon Editor (part 2 of 2)
2764 Hypercard Resource Tools
2765 Idea 1.2 (part 01 of 11)
2766 Idea 1.2 (part 02 of 11)
2767 Idea 1.2 (part 03 of 11)
2768 Idea 1.2 (part 04 of 11)
2769 Idea 1.2 (part 05 of 11)
2770 Idea 1.2 (part 06 of 11)
2771 Idea 1.2 (part 07 of 11)
2772 Idea 1.2 (part 08 of 11)
2773 Idea 1.2 (part 09 of 11)
2774 Idea 1.2 (part 10 of 11)
2775 Idea 1.2 (part 11 of 11)
What next? [npq] 2761 s iconeditor.hqx
2761 Saved to mailbox /u/joe/News/iconeditor.hqx
What next? [npq] 2762 s iconeditor.hqx
2762 Saved to mailbox /u/joe/News/iconeditor.hqx
At this point, download the file "iconeditor.hqx" (it will be
automatically placed in your "News" directory) to your Macintosh
and use a program like StuffIt Expander, DeHqx, HQXer, or Compact
Pro to convert the .hqx file to a Macintosh file.
Warning: The original BinHex utility, BinHex 4.0, has a bug
that causes it to crash on large or corrupted .hqx files. It
also requires you to strip mail-headers off of .hqx files before
decoding.
The Macintosh file you create may in fact be an archive that you
then need to unarchive with the appropriate program. See the
list of file suffixes to determine which program(s) to use.
Note: You can streamline the process by:
--> using the Unix program 'mcvert' or 'hexbin' (see [6.5]) to
convert the .hqx file to a MacBinary file on your Unix host.
Since the .hqx file is usually 30% to 40% larger than the
MacBinary file, this saves download time. These utilities
are also smart enough to handle stripping headers and
signatures, although you must still save the postings in the
proper order.
--> using one of the many utilities that exist to reorder
postings automatically before you convert them from
BinHex
--> learning enough about your newsreader program to save more
than one article at once in a particular order
--> checking out the programs: StuffIt Expander, DeHqx and HQXer
================================================================================
[4] Introduction to AppleTalk (and Remote AppleTalk)
====================================================
[4.1] What kind of hardware do I need to set up an LocalTalk network?
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Be sure you have read section [5] and understand the difference
between LocalTalk and PhoneNet. Setting up an AppleTalk network
based on either LocalTalk or PhoneNet requires purchasing a box
that connects to your Macintosh's serial (printer) port with the
appropriate mini DIN-8 or DB-9 connector and provides, in the
case of LocalTalk, two mini DIN-8 connectors for Apple's
(expensive) multiwire AppleTalk cables, or, in the case of the
less expensive PhoneNet, two standard RJ11 (modular telephone)
jacks. Both boxes look similar to Figure 4.1.1.
+-----------------+
to/from <------>| |
rest of | |<--------> to Macintosh or
network <------>| | printer
+-----------------+
Figure 4.1.1
Computers and printers should be connected serially; that is,
chain the devices in any convenient order, with either
a single AppleTalk cable (LocalTalk network) or telephone
cable (PhoneNet network) connecting neighboring machines.
Do *not* connect the ends of a LocalTalk or PhoneNet
network --- this is not a ring (eg: TokenRing) network.
It should be noted that Apple is "strongly encouraging"
new AppleTalk networks to be Ethernet-based.
[4.2] How can I change the Chooser "user" and name of my Macintosh?
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Also: Why can I no longer change the name of my hard-disk?
To change the owner and name of your Macintosh under System 7,
select "Controls Panels" from the Apple Menu and double-click
on the "Sharing Setup" Control Panel.
The Chooser "user" is the "Owner name:". Change it like any
standard edit field.
The name of your Macintosh is the "Macintosh name:".
Also on this Control Panel is a button to turn File Sharing
on and off. When File Sharing is on, you cannot change the
name of shared disks. If you are trying to change the name
of your hard disk but cannot get the name to turn into an
edit field, File Sharing is probably on. Use the Sharing
Setup Control Panel to turn File Sharing off, change your
hard disk name, and then turn File Sharing back on (unless
you have no need for it).
[4.3] What is Apple Remote Access ?
---------------------------------------
Apple Remote Access is a software package that allows you
to dial-in to an AppleTalk network (or to create an AppleTalk
network between two Macintoshes via dial-up modems) from a
remote Macintosh. Remote Access requires at minimum:
o a Macintosh (possibly connected to an AppleTalk
network) designated as the host with a dedicated
high speed modem, or a dial-in server with ARA
support
o one or more remote Macintoshes with modems
o a phone line connecting the host Macintosh with
the remote Macintosh
o copies of the Remote Access software running on the
designated host as well as on all remote machines
Once configured, connecting the remote machine to the AppleTalk
network is as simple as clicking a button. Modem control is
handled automatically (assuming one of the many included modem
scripts works with your modem; see [4.4]). Passwords and call-
back facilities are provided.
Once connected, the remote machine can use the AppleTalk
network normally. One can print remotely, send messages,
access remote filesystems, monitor network traffic, etc.
Throughput, even when using 9600 baud modems, will be
significantly lower than through a LocalTalk or PhoneNet
connection; however, except for program launching and file
copies, the added delay is small.
You CAN use slower 2400 baud modems, but you will probably not
enjoy the experience.
The University of Melbourne has developed a useful but not
well known package known as ARNS, or A Remote Network Server.
ARNS allows remote clients to use network services such as
printing and file sharing. The server runs on a UNIX host;
clients connect through an IP interface (e.g. MacTCP, CAP).
With ARNS, it is possible to use a dial-up SL/IP account to
tunnel into an existing UNIX based AppleTalk network. For more
information, anonymously FTP to munnari.oz.au, directory mac.
[4.4] Where can I get a Remote Access script for my modem?
----------------------------------------------------------
If none of the (many) included modem scripts work with your
modem, try:
o searching the InfoMac archives for a script for your
modem; several scripts have been posted recently
o making a copy of the script that works best with
your modem (the scripts are in the Extensions Folder
which is in the Systems Folder), opening it up with
a text editor, and experimenting; this assumes you
have a copy of your modem's manual and know the
basics about the Hayes command set. If you are
succesful, post your script so others can benefit!
================================================================================
[5] Networking, MacTCP, Telnet, SL/IP, PPP
==========================================
[5.1] What is MacTCP and what kind of hardware and software do I need to use it?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MacTCP is Apple's implementation of the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA) TCP/IP Protocols (see [5.2]). MacTCP's
software interface is a Control Panel, which means that it loads
when your Macintosh boots. Under System 6.0.X, MacTCP will reside
in the System Folder; under System 7.0, it should be placed in
the Control Panels Folder.
MacTCP accomplishes two important tasks: it is a tool that lets
programmers who wish to develop TCP/IP based applications do
so without "reinventing the wheel". By providing a standard
interface to TCP/IP network hardware, MacTCP also makes it
possible for more than one TCP/IP based application to run on a
Macintosh at any one time. For example, you can simultaneously
use a Telnet program, an FTP program, and share a filesystem
via NFS when you use MacTCP to provide the interface to your
TCP/IP network.
The latest version (11/93) of MacTCP is MacTCP 2.0.4. The last
pre-2.0 version, MacTCP 1.1.1, remains in common use. Both
versions require a Macintosh Plus or later CPU, System 6.0.5
or better, a direct connection to an Ethernet or TokenRing
network (typically a Ethernet or TokenRing card), a SL/IP or
PPP dialup connection, or a connection to a LocalTalk network
with a DDP-IP router such as a Shiva FastPath, Cayman Gatorbox,
Webster Multigate, or Compatible EtherRoute TCP.
If you are using System 7.1, you should be using MacTCP 2.0.4 or
higher, or at the very least 1.1.1. Note: There are known bugs
with 2.0; Apple recommends upgrading. Upgraders for various version
are available at various FTP sites, including Info-Mac sites
and seeding.apple.com.
As indicated above, MacTCP is an Apple product available from
APDA; product numbers and official names are listed below (8/93).
Note that MacTCP 2.0 is known by "Connection for Macintosh".
M8113Z/A TCP/IP Connection for Macintosh 59.00
M8114Z/A TCP/IP Administration for Macintosh 199.00
Individuals interested in obtaining MacTCP may wish to investigate
Adam Engst's book, "Internet Starter Kit for Macintosh". Published
by Hayden and typically selling for $30 (or less), it includes
MacTCP and other software useful for accessing the Internet from
your Macintosh. It's ISBN number is 1-56830-064-6.
Many universities have campus site licenses for MacTCP; your site
may also have such an arrangement --- check before buying. It
is also now possible to buy MacTCP from mail-order companies;
check around, and you may find a better price than APDA.
Annual site licenses pricing (7/93): .edu .com
1 - 2000 Macintosh CPUs $1000 $3000
2001 - 5000 $1500 $4500
5000 - unlimited $2500 $7500
For more detailed information regarding setting up a Macintosh
to connect to a TCP/IP network using MacTCP, see Eric Behr's
report on MacTCP which is archived at the various FTP sites
as mac-tcp-info.txt. This report provides a lot of useful
information for first-time Macintosh networking administrators.
[5.2] What are AppleTalk, LocalTalk, EtherNet, EtherTalk, TCP/IP, etc?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
When attempting to describe networking terms, a distinction
should be drawn between networking _protocols_ (such as
AppleTalk and TCP/IP) and networking _hardware_ (such as
LocalTalk, Ethernet, and TokenRing). In most cases, a specific
protocol can be used over more than one hardware medium.
In order to help understand the interaction of these disparate
parts in a real-world network, we can adopt the useful analogy
of multi-layer cake with the physical wire at the very bottom
and the software which you are running at the very top.
Thus, we can think of LocalTalk, Ethernet and TokenRing as being
the layers at the bottom, AppleTalk and TCP/IP in the middle and
programs like NCSA Telnet, NFS/Share and MacX at the top.
The following terms describe protocols (software descriptions)
common to the Macintosh networking world:
* AppleTalk: A proprietary suite of protocols developed by Apple
Computer, Inc. that provides for near-transparent network
connections between Macintosh computers. However, within the
last few years AppleTalk has been ported to operating systems
other than the Macintosh OS, including UNIX, VMS and DOS.
Questions about the AppleTalk protocol are probably best posed
in the newsgroup comp.protocols.appletalk .
* TCP/IP: A suite of protocols developed by the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA) whose purpose is multi-platform
connectivity. TCP/IP drivers are available for almost all of the
computer platforms in use today, including micros, minis, main-
frames and supercomputers. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol, because these are the two most widely
used protocols in the suite. However, TCP/IP includes the User
Datagram Protocol (UDP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP),
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) and others.
* EtherTalk: The driver which allows AppleTalk protocols to be
transported by Ethernet.
* TokenTalk: The driver which allows AppleTalk protocols to be
transported over IBM TokenRing networks.
The following terms describe hardware (the physical link such
as the wire(s) connecting computers) common to the Macintosh
networking world:
* LocalTalk: One type of hardware over which AppleTalk protocols
can be transported. LocalTalk has a throughput of 230.4 Kilobits
per second, or roughly a quarter of a Megabit per second.
* PhoneNet: Another type of hardware commonly used to transport
AppleTalk packets. PhoneNet mates LocalTalk hardware with
ordinary (unused) telephone wire. PhoneNet is probably the
cheapest way to connect widely separated Macintosh computers
within a single building.
* Ethernet: A network medium over which AppleTalk, TCP/IP and
other protocols travel, often simultaneously. Ethernet's maximum
throughput is 10 Mbps. Competing successors offer 100 Mbps.
* TokenRing: A network medium developed (and patented) by IBM
based on a topology of a ring of nodes connected serially by a
single cable. Each node, or computer, speaks on the cable only
when it has posession of a token. TokenRing technology can
demonstrate throughputs of ranging from 4 to 16 Megabits per
second.
[5.3] What is Telnet, and is there a Telnet program for the Macintosh?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Telnet is a high speed terminal connection protocol designed
with TCP/IP in mind. A Telnet program allows you to connect
to computers that accept Telnet sessions (such as UNIX boxes)
with interactive full-screen console input and output
capabilities in mind.
There are several Telnet programs for the Macintosh. The first
and most widely used is NCSATelnet, which is free and can be
found via anonymous FTP from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu (as well as
elsewhere). The latest version is 2.5.1 and supports TEK 4105
graphics, provides both an FTP server *and* client as well as
a built-in SL/IP driver, and can do session logging. Unlike most
TCP/IP programs for the Macintosh, it does not require (but can
use) MacTCP.
Comet, the Cornell Macintosh Terminal Emulator, is a
Freeware communications program which offers multiple VT102 and
IBM 3278 emulator Telnet sessions (using MacTCP) as well as
serial VT102 connections. A TFTP server is provided for TCP/IP
file transfer; in addition the "ft3270" file transfer protocol
supports file transfer with IBM VM hosts over Telnet and serial
connections. Comet 3.0 supports scrollbars and a ".edit" TextEdit
window for each session. Comet is available via anonymous FTP from the
pub/mac/comm/comet/ directory of ftp.cit.cornell.edu.
Hytelnet is a Telnet program available for various personal
computers including the Macintosh. The Macintosh version is
based upon Hypercard 2.x. Contact Charles Burchill at
<burchil@ccu.umanitoba.ca> for more information about Hytelnet.
InterCon Systems has a fully-functional Telnet Connection Tool
for use with the CTB). InterCon's TCP/Connect II includes
Telnet and FTP facilities (and a host of other features).
Versaterm 4.6.2 ships with a Telnet Connection Tool (in
addition to MacTCP). However, this tool seems to be intended
to be used only with Versaterm and does not support all
Telnet features.
Advanced Software Concepts distributes 5PM with MacTCP, a
Telnet Connection Tool and a FTP server. 5PM includes a
HyperTalk-like scripting engine and allows the user to create
"palettes" which are similar to HyperCard cards.
Stanford University Networking Systems has distributed a package
known as SU-Mac/IP that includes Telnet, FTP, tn3270, printing
facilities and other MacTCP based capabilities. The package
can be licensed *ONLY* by "degree-granting institutions of
higher education". For information, either send e-mail to
macip@jessica.stanford.edu or call [USA] (415) 723-3909.
[5.4] Is there a FTP (client/server) program for the Macintosh?
---------------------------------------------------------------
Yes, you can choose from freeware, shareware and payware
varieties:
* NCSATelnet (see [5.3]) includes both FTP client and server
capabilities.
* Fetch 2.1.1 (from Dartmouth) is a free FTP client application
for educational institutions. Otherwise, it requires a license.
Fetch provides a more intuitive interface than the conventional
text-based mechanism.
* FTPd, $10, by Peter Lewis <peter@cujo.curtin.edu.au>, is a
high-quality shareware FTP server with many features:
o Multiple simultaneous users.
o Uses System 7 Users & Groups to define users and passwords
o Supports BinHex and MacBinary transfers, including the MACB
command.
o Allows login to other AppleShare servers on the local
network.
o Allows different formats of a file to be fetched.
o Pattern matching in change directory command.
o Individual initial directory for any user.
o FTP site descriptions sent after login.
o Directory descriptions sent after CD command.
o Supports the CatSearch feature to allow very fast volume
wide searches.
* HyperFTP, a Hypercard-based FTP client.
* XferIt, by Steve Falkenburg, a shareware FTP client.
* Versaterm 4.6.2 also ships with an FTP CTB Tool.
* Advanced Software Concepts sells FTPShare, a commercial FTP
server product and has posted a demo to InfoMac. Main features
(according to authors) are:
o Operates very similar to System 7 FileSharing.
o Also works under System 6.
o Quite fast.
[5.5] What are SL/IP, CSL/IP and PPP?
-------------------------------------
SL/IP stands for Serial Line Internet Protocol. SL/IP is a
"non-standard" for framing IP packets and shipping them over
a serial line (e.g. a cable, or a pair of modems), thus
allowing a home machine to dial up and become part of the
Internet. Effectively, SL/IP turns a serial port into a logical
ethernet port.
Many workstations and terminal servers can support SL/IP. On
the Macintosh side, several vendors offer SL/IP modules for
MacTCP. (These vendors and products are summarized below).
Macintosh software which communicates with the outside world
via MacTCP will continue to work over SL/IP, albeit somewhat
more slowly due to the relatively low bandwidth of modem
connections.
CSL/IP stands for Compressed SL/IP. CSL/IP reduces the size of
the headers in IP packets by eliminating a certain amount of
redundancy. This improves interactive performance.
PPP stands for Point-to-Point Protocol. PPP can support both
synchronous and asynchronous connections and protocols that
are not IP-based (such as AppleTalk). It provides specifications
for error detection, feature negotiation, escaping control
characters, etc. PPP is becoming more and more popular,
especially as MacPPP, a MacTCP extension available via anonymous
FTP from merit.edu in pub/ppp, has matured into a stable and
viable alternative to the various available MacTCP SL/IP LAPs.
Although SL/IP continues to be more prevalent than PPP, PPP will
become more prevalent in the future. For more information on PPP,
consult the FAQ for the newsgroup comp.protocols.ppp.
Recently, several vendors have provided SL/IP LAPs for MacTCP.
What is a "MacTCP SL/IP LAP"? To quote Steve Dorner, "It's an
extension that allows MacTCP to work over a phone line, allowing
you to use any MacTCP application over your modem, if you have
the right dialins." LAP stands for Link Access Protocol. You
choose the LAP you want to use via the MacTCP Control Panel.
Currently, the following SL/IP products for the Macintosh are
readily available:
o MacSLIP from Hyde Park Software is a MacTCP extension that
supports SL/IP and CSL/IP and a scripting language for
session. Individual copies sell for $49.95.
Contact: info@hydepark.com, [USA] (800) 531-5170. Sales
and support are handled by TriSoft.
Reports of transfer rates as high as 1500 bytes/sec have
been posted to comp.sys.mac.comm by users of MacSLIP on
V.42bis 9600 baud modems. Transfer rates as high as 3 KB/sec
are possible through a 38400 baud connection.
o InterCon Systems is shipping a MacTCP extension with their
networking product (TCP/Connect II), and as a separate
package (InterSLIP).
HOWEVER, InterCon has graciously made InterSLIP available
to Internet users for FREE. You can FTP InterSLIP from
ftp.intercon.com in InterCon/sales.
Demonstration versions of various InterCon products are also
available at this FTP address.
Contact: sales@intercon.com, [USA] (703) 709 9890
o Synergy Software offers a CSL/IP MacTCP extension with
its Versaterm/Versaterm-PRO packages. If you already own
Versaterm, SL/IP is a $20 upgrade. If you buy the complete
Versaterm 4.6.2 package (about $90), you will also get an
FTP server and client, a Telnet connection tool, and MacTCP.
Performance is comparable to that of MacSLIP.
Contact: [USA] (215) 779 0522
o If you are only interested in Telnet and FTP capability,
you may want to examine NCSA Telnet (see [5.3]).
For a review of Macintosh SL/IP products, see the November 16, 1992
issue of "Open Systems Today". Benchmarks are included.
Note: If you are using MacTCP over a dialup SL/IP or PPP link,
MacTCP 2.0.4 or later is recommended. Previous versions have
an annoying retransmission problem that can slow down serial
connections. If you must use v1.1.1, get the MacTCP-Patch
program; it's available as mac/misc/update/mactcppatch.cpt.hqx
at mac.archive.umich.edu.
[5.6] How does MacTCP resolve names into IP addresses?
------------------------------------------------------
If you are having problems configuring MacTCP to use dynamic
Domain Name Service entries, the following empirical description
of the behavoir of MacTCP's name resolution protocol may be
useful.
The description assumes some familiarity with IP addressing.
Step 1. Expand the target name.
If the target name contains a ".", the target name is the expanded
target name. Otherwise, prepend the name to the domain marked with
the "Default" button in the MacTCP control panel. The
concatenation of the name and this domain becomes the expanded
target name. Proceed to Step 2.
Examples:
Assume "slcs.slb.com" is the default domain for MacTCP.
"valhalla" expands to "valhalla.slcs.slb.com".
"cayman.com" expands to "cayman.com".
"apple." expands to "apple."
Step 2. Check the Hosts file in the System Folder of this Macintosh.
If there is an exact match between the expanded target name from
Step 1 and a name in the Hosts file, the corresponding IP address
from the first such match in the Hosts file is the target IP address;
otherwise proceed to Step 3. Trailing "." characters on either the
expanded target name or Hosts file name are ignored for this test.
Examples:
Assume "slcs.slb.com" is the default domain for MacTCP.
"linus" expands and matches "linus.slcs.slb.com" in Hosts.
"apple." matches "apple" in Hosts.
"apple" expands and does *not* match "apple" in Hosts.
Step 3. Find the domains that contain the expanded name.
Search through the domains from the MacTCP control panel entries,
and build a list of the domains that contain the expanded target
name. A domain contains the expanded target name if the domain is
a final string of the expanded target name. A "." by itself in the
MacTCP control panel is a domain containing any expanded target
name. The default domain is always added as the last domain of
the list, whether it contains the expanded target name or not.
Proceed to Step 4.
Examples:
Assume "slcs.slb.com" is the default domain for MacTCP.
"valhalla" is expanded and contained in domain "slcs.slb.com".
"apple." is *not* contained in domain "slcs.slb.com".
"apple" is expanded and contained in domain "slb.com".
"anyhost" is contained in domain ".".
Step 4. Consult the name servers of the containing domains.
Consult the Domain Name Servers, in the order found, based on the
corresponding IP addresses from their entries in the MacTCP control
panel. The servers are given the expanded target name to translate.
If a MacTCP is unable to contact a server, or if the server returns
a non-authoritative negative reply, the next server in line is tried.
Otherwise, the result from the server just contacted, either a
successful translation, or an authoritative "unable to resolve", is
the final result.
================================================================================
[6] MacX and Other Ways to Interface With UNIX
==============================================
[6.1] Can I run X-Windows on my Mac?
------------------------------------
Yes. For Macintosh OS users (not using A/UX), two possibilities
exist.
MacX is an X-Windows server for the Macintosh, developed by
Apple. With MacX running, your Macintosh can serve as a display
server for any X-Windows client program (such as xterm, xbiff,
etc). The client programs must be running on a separate
machine running UNIX (unless you are also running A/UX, Apple's
brand of UNIX for the Macintosh).
MacX's technical capabilities, as described by Alan Mimms
in "X for the rest of us" (2/91) and paraphrased in the FAQ
for comp.windows.x are as follows:
MacX runs on MacPlus or newer machines with >= 2MB of memory
and system software 6.0.4 or later. Version 1.1 is fully
X11R4-based. It supports full ICCCM-compatible cut and paste
of text AND graphics between the Macintosh and X11 worlds,
the SHAPE extension (including SHAPEd windows on the Macintosh
desktop), an optional built-in ICCCM-compliant window manager,
X11R4 fonts and colors, a built-in BDF font compiler, and
built-in standard colormaps.
To connect your Macintosh to a network of machines capable of
running X-Windows clients, MacX uses MacTCP. For the best
performance, you will want to access this network through
LocalTalk or normal Ethernet. However, it is also possible
to make the connection over a high-speed modem and use MacX
to run X-Windows clients on remote machines; you will need
a SL/IP LAP module for MacTCP to do this --- see [6.2] for the
details.
MacX can be purchased from official Apple retailers, such as
most university campus stores, for about $300 (less if you
qualify for an educational discount). MacX is also bundled
with A/UX 3.0.x.
The FAQ for comp.windows.x also describes another product,
eXodus, as follows:
eXodus from White Pine Software (603-886-9050) runs on any
Mac with at least 1MB of memory and runs the X server within
a standard Macintosh window. Version 3.0 [6/91] supports
intermixing of X and Mac windows and the ADSP protocol. The
version supports the SHAPE extension and includes DECwindows
support.
For information regarding using MacX with A/UX, see the FAQ
for comp.unix.aux and/or ask questions in that newsgroup,
and/or investigate wuarchive.wustle.edu:/systems/aux/X11R5.
You _can_ run X11R5 directly under A/UX 3.0.x, which provides
significantly better performance.
[6.2] How can I run MacX over a modem? Is it feasible?
------------------------------------------------------
Now that several SL/IP LAP modules for MacTCP are available,
it is possible to run MacX over a modem. You are advised that
performance will be significantly poorer than you may be
expecting, especially if you are not using a high-speed modem
(eg: 9600 baud or higher with compression and/or error-
detection). With high-speed modems, using MacX to bring up
xterms and other text-oriented clients is usable; however,
any sort of graphics-intensive program (eg: xdvi) is going
to require some patience (but should be bearable).
Thus, in addition to MacX, to be able run MacX over a modem
you need:
1. A modem. A high-speed modem with v.32bis and v.42bis
is *STRONGLY* recommended.
2. A terminal-server at your site that offers dial-up
SL/IP or PPP connections. You'll have to ask your
site or system administrator about this one.
3. A SL/IP (or CSL/IP) or PPP LAP module for MacTCP.
See [5.5] for details on such products.
If you are specifically interested in just having multiple
connections to a UNIX box that you connect to over a modem,
other options include using a Telnet program with SL/IP (see
[5.3]), or MacLayers or UW [which do not need SL/IP] (see [6.3],
[6.4]).
[6.3] What is MacLayers and what do I need to use it?
-----------------------------------------------------
MacLayers allows you to logon to a UNIX host and open more than
one window over a single (serial) connection. Each window
can correspond to a (login) shell or program running on your
choice of host(s). Up to seven full-screen resizable VT-100
windows are allowed.
In addition, MacLayers provides a primitive (but useful
anyway) mechanism to download binary files "in the background",
allowing you to work in other windows while you download.
No upload facility (except for text pasting) is provided.
At this time, MacLayers does not support the CTB. However,
it is freely distributable (but may not be sold).
MacLayers requires:
1. A UNIX host which supports sockets.
2. A Macintosh with 128 KB ROMs or larger.
MacLayers does not work with the old 64 KB ROM
machines. (You need a MacPlus or better).
MacLayers comes in two parts: a program you run on your
Macintosh and a set of C source files that you compile
on your UNIX host (a Makefile is provided). When you login
to your host while running MacLayers on your Macintosh, you
simply run one of the UNIX-side programs to start up the
windowing system (similar to running a windowing-environment
like X-Windows at the console, except that everything is
character based -- no graphics).
MacLayers is currently at version 1.30. The author is working
hard to improve MacLayers; current plans include better terminal
emulation, faster downloading, uploading, and more!
Please send all electronic correspondence regarding MacLayers
to the address layers-reply@rascal.ics.utexas.edu. The
latest version of MacLayers is available via anonymous FTP
from rascal.ics.utexas.edu in mac/communications/MacLayers.
You are STRONGLY encouraged to upgrade to the latest version.
The most common response to requests for features and bug
reports is: "Get the latest version from rascal."
[6.4] What are UW and MultiSession? Are there other programs like MacLayers?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Editorial Comment: One should note that the editor of this FAQ and
the current author of MacLayers are one in the same. This may or
may not introduce an unavoidable bias into the following comments:
* UW (short for UNIX Windows) is a program similar in style and
intent to MacLayers (see [6.3]) --- that is, it provides a
multi-window interface to a UNIX hosts. UW has been around a
lot longer than MacLayers but, as far as I know, hasn't been
updated in quite a long time. It offers most of the same
features as MacLayers, but no facility for downloading
is provided. UW does have the advantage of working with the
older 64 KB ROM machines, but in general, MacLayers is the
superior program.
* MultiSession is a recently released program with similar goals.
It includes error-correction in its Macintosh-to-UNIX protocol,
but this makes it quite sluggish. As of this writing (6/93),
the UNIX side of MultiSession runs properly only under ULTRIX.
For more information on MultiSession, please see its documentation
or contact the author; please do not send e-mail to the editor.
MultiSession's author is Thomas R. Lawrence (tomlaw@world.std.com).
[6.5] Is there a UNIX program that will convert between BinHex and MacBinary?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yes, there are at least two that will handle BinHex 4.0, MacBinary,
and other conversions. macutil and mcvert are distributed as
UNIX shar archvies and can be found in the unix directory at
InfoMac sites. Source code is included (of course) so you will
need a C compiler to build the programs:
* macutil
macutil is a collection of utilities for manipulating Macintosh
files in MacBinary [see 2.2] or BinHex [see 2.3] format, or over
AppleDouble, AUFS, or CAP servers.
As of (8/92), macutil includes three programs:
o hexbin - a program to convert BinHex 4.0 to MacBinary;
it also converts uuencode (and UULite) files to their
native binary format; support for .dl, .hex, and .hcx
formats (all predecessors of BinHex 4.0) also exists
o macsave - a MacBinary filter program to convert
between various MacBinary representations, including
a single .bin file, three separate .data, .rsrc, .info
files, and AUFS format. macsave also allows one to
"peek" inside MacBinary files
o macunpack - a program to unpack PackIt, StuffIt,
Diamond, Compactor/Compact Pro, most StuffIt Classic
and StuffIt Deluxe, DiskDoubler, Zoom and LHarc/MacLHa
archives.
It also decodes BinHex 5.0, MacBinary, uuencode, and
UNIX compress (ie: .Z suffix) files (as well as variants
of compress implemented by various Macintosh compress
programs).
Support for password protected and/or multi-segment
archives of various types is minimal or non-existent.
The various authors of the macutil utilities are too numerous
to list here; consult the README files that come with the package
for the details.
* mcvert
mcvert allows you to convert BinHex files to MacBinary files
and vice versa. In addition, you can create MacBinary files
with empty resource forks from normal files, as well as perform
other transformations. mcvert can also decode PackIt
archives.
mcvert was originally written in 1987 by Doug Moore, but is
now maintained by Joseph Skudlarek, jskudlarek@std.mentorg.com,
who has fixed added many new features and made mcvert easier
to use. The latest version of mcvert is available at InfoMac
sites.
* xbin
xbin is an old program, similar to a primitive version of mcvert.
It converts BinHex files into a set of three files which model
the data, resource, and info forks of a Macintosh file; recall
that all of this information is contained in a single MacBinary
file (see [2.2]). Unless you have software that can reconstruct
a MacBinary file from these three separate files (mcvert will
do this), xbin will be pretty useless.
xbin is pretty dead on UNIX platforms, but VMS folk continue to
use it because, unlike mcvert of the macutil pacakge, xbin
compiles under VMS.
[6.6] How can I create LaserWriter PostScript printer files and print them
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
on a PostScript printer connected to a UNIX network?
If you are running System 7.x or later, make sure you using
the LaserWriter 8.0 driver set (or something more recent,
such as 8.1.1). You can FTP these Extensions from Apple at
ftp.apple.com. Select Print from your application and
check the option entitled 'Disk File' or 'Print to Disk'.
Then click on Options and configure things to create a minimal
PostScript file by unchecking all boxes. Do not include
any extra fonts. Now, "print" the file.
If you are running System 7, you will be prompted to select
the destination folder and name for the PostScript file.
Otherwise, it will be named "PostScript' (or 'PostScript#'
where '#' is a digit) and placed either in the System folder,
the application's current folder, or the root folder on the
startup disk. You may rename the file.
Upload (or otherwise transfer) the PostScript file to your
UNIX system, treating it as a text file, unless you are
including graphics or fonts in your output (in which case you
should be safe and take the extra steps and treat the file as
an eight-bit binary file).
Note: If you are a pre-System 7 user or cannot upgrade to the
latest LaserWriter drivers, you are encouraged to read the file
tips/generating-postscript at InfoMac archives. Also check
out the program 'Trimmer'.
Note: If you are trying (vainly) to use Macintosh PostScript
files as figures using the psfig macro under Tex or LaTeX,
get the mactotex package from the University of Michigan's
archive site in util/unix. This utility makes importing
Macintosh PostScript files into (La)TeX painless; it also
includes a useful 'cleanps' utility, that strips Macintosh
PostScript files of unneeded parts.
[6.7] What is the Columbia AppleTalk Package (CAP)?
---------------------------------------------------
The Columbia AppleTalk Package allows supported UNIX machines to speak
AppleTalk, the built-in networking language every Macintosh running
the MacOS understands. CAP provides an AppleShare 2.0 compatible file
server (aufs) for sharing UNIX disks with Macintosh computers, a
LaserWriter spooler (lwsrv) for spooling Macintosh print-jobs and
a printing program (papif) for printing Macintosh files on ethernet-
accessible LaserPrinters. Many other contributed programs are also
available. Using CAP, UNIX disks and printers can be made accessible
via the Chooser.
CAP is free and in common use wherever large AppleTalk and UNIX
networks converge. For more information, consult the documentation at
one of the following FTP sites:
rutgers.edu src/{cap60.tar.Z,cap60.patches/*}
munnari.oz.au mac/{cap60.tar.Z,cap.patches/*}
gatekeeper.dec.com pub/net/appletalk/cap/{cap60.tar.Z,cap.patches/*}
ftp.kuis.kyoto-u.ac.jp net/cap/{cap60.tar.Z,cap60.patches/*.Z}
src.doc.ic.ac.uk mac/multigate/{cap60.tar.Z,cap.patches/*}
An alternative to CAP that offers higher performance but is not currently
compatible with as many UNIX platforms is netatalk, available via FTP
>From terminator.rs.itd.umich.edu.
================================================================================
[7] Sending and receiving Mail and Usenet News with your Macintosh
==================================================================
[7.1] How can I send/receive Internet mail with my Macintosh?
-------------------------------------------------------------
There are a variety of ways to do this depending primarily
on how you connect your Macintosh to the rest of the world.
The most popular and practical methods are summarized below:
Note: Methods of sending and receiving e-mail that are specific
to A/UX are not discussed; see the FAQ for comp.unix.aux.
* UUCP
Perhaps the most practical way to interact with Usenet for most
is to use UUCP (Unix-to-Unix-Copy). UUCP is a protocol originally
intended to be used to transfer files between Unix machines over
telephone lines. Various UUCP programs exist for the Macintosh,
from freeware to shareware to payware. In addition to the UUCP
software, you must find a host machine connected to the Internet
(or equivalent) that is willing to send and receive your e-mail
(and news, if you wish [see 7.2]). There are commericial
services that provide this capability in various regions of
the country; check the newsgroup alt.bbs.internet for more
information. Once you have identified and arranged to receive
and send e-mail from such a service, you need to register your
site with a unique name in the UUCP maps.
-> Mac/gnuucp is a port of the GNU UUCP sources to the Macintosh.
Sources are included. The interface uses the standard Think C
command-line substitute. A Hypercard mail reader is provided.
Usable, but not recommended if you intend on transfering a lot
of files.
-> UUPC 3.0 is a substantially better freeware implementation of
the UUCP protocol for the Macintosh. UUPC 3.0 includes support
for various flavors of UUCP that provide better performance
with high-speed error-correcting modems. Full source code
is provided. UUPC 3.0 was implemented by a coalition of
programmers led by Dave Platt. Thanks!
-> uAccess, a payware product (about $300) from Ice
Engineering supports the CTB and can be used to send and
receive both e-mail and news postings via a UUCP link.
See [7.2] for more information.
* MacTCP: SMTP, POP
SMTP (Simple-Mail-Transfer-Protocol) and POP (Post-Office-
Protocol) are two protocols for transfering electronic mail
between machines that have a TCP/IP interface or equivalent.
Usually, on the Macintosh, such an interface is provided via
MacTCP and/or the Communications Toolbox.
-> Eudora is perhaps the best written and most popular e-mail
program available for the Macintosh. Eudora is a complete and
versatile e-mail package which can send e-mail via SMTP (either
through the CTB or a serial connection) and receive e-mail via
a POP server. It can even be used with UUPC 3.0 (as a mail
reader and message generator, not a transport agent). Eudora
can also be used to transfer arbitrary Macintosh files between
computers through its BinHex 4.0 attachment features. Many
accolades go to the author, Steve Dorner. Free and commercial
versions of Eudora exist: (1/94)
Eudora 1.3.1 (free) -- last version to work under System 6 & 7
Eudora 1.4.1 (free) -- System 7 only; expanded feature set
Eudora 2.0.1 (pay) --- commericial version; even more features
You can FTP the free versions of Eudora from ftp.qualcomm.com
in mac/eudora. Please send all e-mail inquiries about Eudora
to eudora-info@qualcomm.com . Qualcomm has said it will continue
to release new versions.
-> LeeMail is a shareware ($10) MacTCP-based SMTP mailer for
the Macintosh. LeeMail allows you to send and receive Internet
mail directly from your Macintosh --- if you have a fixed IP
address (manual addressing). Otherwise, if your Macintosh uses
dynamic addressing to determine its IP address, you can use
LeeMail to send mail from your Macintosh but should use a
different Reply-To address. LeeMail supports various enclosures.
Author: Lee Fyock <laf@mitre.org>
-> TCP/Connect II, from Intercon Systems, includes support for
both SMTP and POP based e-mail.
* Other:
-> Fernmail, a shareware program ($20), can be used as a stand-
alone mailer program to read and compose e-mail messages. It can
also be used to send e-mail between different users of the same
Macintosh but has no built-in facility to transfer messages
between machines. It is most useful as a front-end for UUCP
mailers that lack a sophisticated mail management program.
Author: Dave Platt <dplatt@snulbug.mtview.ca.us>
[7.2] How can I read/post Usenet news with my Macintosh?
--------------------------------------------------------
Again, the various options depend primarily on how your
Macintosh is connected to Usenet. The various ways to
connect your Macintosh to outside networks are summarized
elsewhere in this FAQ. What follows is a brief description of
the more popular software packages, according to connection
method.
Note: Methods of sending and receiving news that are specific
to A/UX are not discussed; see comp.unix.aux instead.
* UUCP
-> uAccess, a commericial product (about $300) from Ice
Engineering (and the product from which uATerm and Termy were
derived) is a well-designed product that works well enough to
allow you to use your Macintosh as a Usenet node (if you have
enough disk space). uAccess supports the CTB and comes with a
terminal emulator. It was reviewed in the July, 1992 issue of
_UnixWorld_.
-> rnMac, a shareware program ($25) written by Roy Wood
<rrwood@canrem.com>, is a reasonably spiffy offline newsreader.
The original intention was for rnMac to work in conjunction with
UUPC and ToadNews (by John Mah <jpmah@descartes.uwaterloo.ca>)
to allow you to set up a uucp-based Usenet newsfeed on a Mac.
rnMac is quite stable and full-featured, and even does a passable
job as a mailer (no match for Eudora, FernMail, etc.). rnMac,
ToadNews, UUPC are each available from archive sites such
as sumex and umich.
* MacTCP - NNTP
Most (if not all) MacTCP-based newsreaders for the Macintosh
will require access to a NNTP news server. NNTP (Net News
Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used to transfer articles
between a central news server and many client machines over
TCP/IP or a serial link.
-> NewsWatcher is a free MacTCP-based NNTP news client. It
supports a graphical "point and click" interface for browsing
and reading news. The program was featured in Apple's technical
"d e v e l o p" magazine (#6) with source; you can also FTP the
source from ftp.apple.com. The application itself is available
at other archives.
Development versions of NewsWatcher are generally made available
for anonymous FTP from ftp.acns.nwu.edu in the directory
pub/newswatcher.
Contact: send e-mail to <newswatcher@phil.ruu.nl>
-> Nuntius is a thread-based, MacTCP-based NNTP news reader with
a graphical Finder-like user interface. It is actively supported
by its author. One nice feature of Nuntius is its ability to
automatically extract binaries from selected threads. Nuntius
is designed to be used with Eudora as its editor and mailer.
Author: Peter Speck
Contact: send e-mail to <nuntius-l@cornell.edu>
-> InterNews is described as "a Macintosh interface to the world
of Usenet news". It is a relatively new but well-designed MacTCP-based
NNTP client for the Macintosh. Subscriptions, newsgroups, and articles
are organized and selectable via resizable and configurable panes.
InterNews is free to users of educational and non-profit organizations;
it is available for anonymous FTP at ftp.dartmouth.edu:/pub/mac.
Commercial and government users are asked to purchase a license.
-> TheNews is a shareware ($25) MacTCP-based NNTP news reader.
You can respond to articles via a local SMTP server also.
Author: Bill Cramer <70322.3412@compuserve.com>
-> TCP/Connect II, from Intercon Systems, includes an NNTP based
news reader, as well as e-mail (and other) facilities.
-> VersaTerm-Link includes a NNTP based news reader, as well as
e-mail facilities.
* Serial - NNTP
--> NetFeed is a NNTP newsreader designed to communicate with
a NNTP server via modem. It includes an article reader and
a simple scripting language to facilitate dialing the modem.
NetFeed is shareware, but the authors seem to only ask for a
postcard if you use their software.
Authors: Bill Burns <WDBURNS@MTUS5.bitnet>
Brad Boyer <BRBOYER@MTUS5.bitnet>
================================================================================
[8] Miscellaneous
=================
[8.1] I don't have FTP --- How can I access the Macintosh FTP archives
----------------------------------------------------------------------
through e-mail?
First, look in the Appendix of this FAQ. Descriptions on how
to access mailservers that mirror the InfoMac archives are
provided there. Also, the University of Michigan maintains
an e-mail server for its Macintosh archive; send a message
to mac@mac.archive.umich.edu with the command "help" in
the message body for details.
If you have Gopher access, note that the InfoMac archives at
sumex-aim.stanford.edu are accessible via Gopher. If your
Macintosh is connected to the Internet via MacTCP, for example,
you can use one of the many Macintosh Gopher clients to
access InfoMac.
If you have AFS (Andrew File System) access, you can access
the Macintosh archive at the University of Michigan via your
UNIX file system: cd /afs/umich.edu/group/itd/archive/mac .
You may have to ask your AFS/system adminisrator to add
umich.edu to the list of mounted AFS sites, however.
For more general help on accessing FTP sites through e-mail,
send e-mail to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu and include a line
containing "send usenet/news.answers/finding-sources" in the
message body. You will be e-mailed instructions on how to use
FTP sites via e-mail.
================================================================================
Appendix
========
[A] List of Common File Suffixes and Abbreviations
--------------------------------------------------
Suffix Description
------- ------------------------------------------------------
.bin MacBinary files; see [2.2]
.cpt Compact Pro archive files; see [3.6]
.dd DiskDoubler archive files; see [3.6]
.gif Compuserve Graphics Interchange File (image file)
.gz Gnu zip archive file; MacGzip
.hqx BinHex files; see [2.3], [3.7]
.image Apple DiskCopy disk image file; see [2.5]
.jpg JPEG image file, also .jpeg
.sea Self-extracting archive files
.shar Unix shell archive file
.sit StuffIt archive files; [see 3.6]
.uu UNIX uuencoded files; see [2.3]
.Z UNIX 'compress' archive file
.z UNIX (gnu zip) 'gzip' archive file; MacGzip
.zip MS-DOS PC archive file; MacGzip
Abbrev-
iation Description
------- ------------------------------------------------------
A/UX Apple Unix
ADB Apple Desktop Bus
AFE Apple File Exchange
ARA Apple Remote Access (was AppleTalk Remote Access)
bps bits per second
CSL/IP Compressed SL/IP
csmc comp.sys.mac.comm
CTB Communications Tool Box
CTS Clear-To-Send
DSR Data-Set-Ready
DTR Data-Terminal-Ready
FTP File Transfer Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
LAP Link Acess Protocol
MNP Microcom Networking Protocol
NNTP Net News Transfer Protocol
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
RTS Request-To-Send
SID Sound Input Device
SL/IP Serial Line Internet Protocol; also seen as SLIP
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
uw Unix Windows
[B] List of Macintosh archive sites available through the Internet
------------------------------------------------------------------
All shareware or freeware programs described in this FAQ are available
>From one of the many archives that mirror the InfoMac archives at sumex
and at other Macintosh FTP sites described below.
Of course, since almost all files are distributed in BinHex format,
the first program you need to get hold of is "BinHex 4.0" or better --
one of the programs described in [2.3] that has the capability to
decode BinHex files. If you have FTP access, try to FTP the file
info-mac/util/binhex4.bin from sumex-aim.stanford.edu with 'binary'
mode set (issue the command 'binary' to the FTP server). This file
is a MacBinary version of BinHex 4.0. If you don't have a binary-
capable FTP, or if you forget to use binary, you will get a corrupted
file when you transfer the file to your Mac. Alternatively, you can
FTP a MacBinary version of StuffitExpander from wuarchive.wustl.edu
in mirrors/rascal.ics.utexas.edu/compression as the binary file
sttufit-expander-303.bin .
If you don't have FTP access or binary FTP doesn't seem to work for you,
try to friend who has BinHex 4.0 (or equivalent) on a disk that you can
copy. Or, if you have a Pascal compiler handy, you can download the
Pascal source from sumex and compile it. But your best bet is to ask
around.
Unless otherwise indicated, the following FTP sites are all anonymous
FTP sites available through the Internet. Logon as "anonymous" or "ftp"
and give your e-mail address as the password. Remember that the use of
anonymous FTP at these sites is a privelege, not a right, so please act
accordingly. Type 'ls' to get a directory listing. Use the command 'cd'
followed by a directory name to move to a specific directory. USe the
command 'cd ..' to move back "up" to the previous directory.
Issue the command 'binary' to change to FTP BINARY mode. Give the command
'get' followed by a filename to retrieve a specific file.
Sites are grouped by geographical location. North American users are
strongly encouraged to use the North American sites. Practically
everything found on other continents can also be found somewhere in
North America. Similarly, non-North American users are advised to check
out their local sites first. Ftp.apple.com is the notable exception.
NORTH AMERICA:
** ftp.apple.com **
This FTP site is maintained by Apple. You can FTP System 7, TuneUp,
various Developer Technical Support items (including all the Tech
Notes), QuickTime, and much more. You will need the Apple DiskCopy
program (available online) to make floppy-disk versions of the disk
images.
** mac.archive.umich.edu ** (141.211.32.2)
University of Michigan's Macintosh Public Domain and Shareware Archive.
All files are in the mac directory (mac.bin is a directory useful only
to local University of Michigan users). Has lots of Macintosh files that
don't seem to be available anywhere else (including many that are not
at sumex-aim.stanford.edu). Announcements of recent additions to the
archives are routinely seen in comp.sys.mac.digest. Read the file
'/mac/00help/submissions.txt' for details on submitting. The archive
is accessible via AFS (the Andrew File System) which is by far the
best way to access it; see [8.1].
** microlib.cc.utexas.edu **
The University of Texas Computation Center maintains a large and useful
Macintosh archive in microlib/mac (Archives for other personal computers
are also available here). Submissions can be e-mailed (in BinHex form)
to macgifts@mac.archive.umich.edu (which are then rebroadcasted
elsewhere; this is the easiest way to distribute public-domain or
shareware stuff throughout the Internet).
** sumex-aim.stanford.edu ** (36.44.0.6)
Official home of the Info-Mac archives. This site is heavily used and has
anonymous FTP connections limited during local working hours, so you are
STRONGLY encouraged to use one of the many sites which mirror the sumex
archives (such as mac.archive.umich.edu or wuarchive.wustl.edu). All
Macintosh files are stored in the directory info-mac in a tree
structure by generic file type. Announcements of recent additions are
posted (daily) to comp.sys.mac.digest. You should read the file in the
help subdirectory called 'posting-guidelines.txt' for details on
submitting files to the archive. This site is also accesible via Gopher.
** wuarchive.wustl.edu ** (128.252.135.4)
Washington University maintains a mirror archive of sumex-aim and also
mac.archive.umich.edu (among others). Look in mirrors/info-mac and
mirrors/archive.umich.edu respectively. This site is also useful for
other reasons and can be mounted via NFS (see the README files in the
top level).
If you don't have FTP access, you can access the sumex-aim InfoMac
archives by using the LISTSERVer at Rice University in Houston, TX.
For example, to retrieve the file util/cpt-expand-10.hqx, send a message
containing the line "$macarch get UTIL/CPT-EXPAND-10.HQX" to
listserv@ricevm1.rice.edu. UNIX users may also find the following script
useful:
#!/bin/csh -f
# macarch.get
if test $# -ne 1
then
echo Usage: $0 archive-name-of-file-to-retrieve
exit 1
fi
echo \$macarch GET $1 | mail LISTSERV@ricevm1.rice.edu
The files HELP/ALL-FILES.TXT, HELP/ACCESSING-FILES.TXT, and other
files in the HELP hierarchy are useful files to try retrieving
initially.
EUROPE:
** ftp.funet.fi ** (128.214.6.100)
The Finnish University and Research network (FUNET) archive site.
Macintosh files are in pub/mac. Read the README file in the top level,
especially if you are FTP-ing "long distance".
** nic.switch.ch ** (130.59.1.40)
The Swiss Academic and Research Network (SWITCH) maintains an info-mac
mirror on nic.switch.ch. Files are in the directory /mirror/info-mac
and are updated daily.
** src.doc.ic.ac.uk ** (146.169.2.1)
Archive site maintained by UKUUG Software Distribution Service,
Department of Computing, Imperial College, London, UK. Macintosh
files are in directory packages/mac. Mirrors of sumex-aim.stanford.edu
and mac.archive.umich.edu are in mac/sumex and mac/umich respectively.
Some files are compressed using Unix compress (.Z); see the README
file.
** irisa.irisa.fr ** (131.254.254.3)
Archive site maintained by Institut de Recherche en Informatique et
Systemes Aleatoires in Rennes, Brittany, France. This site maintains an
archive of various comp.binaries.* group, including comp.binaries.mac.
Files are in News/comp.binaries.mac. Warning: Files in this directory
are numbered and numerous so avoid asking for a directory listing;
that is, don't type 'ls' or 'dir'. Rather, change to this directory
and download the file 'index' which maps the "Subject:" line to
a number which you can then 'get'.
If you don't have FTP access, you can access the InfoMac archives
by sending e-mail to the mirror archive kept on fileserv@irlearn.ucd.ie.
Files must be requested by their (14 digit) number, so first send
a message containing only the line "get macfile listing" for a full
index, or ask for the most recent additions by sending "index newmac".
AUSTRALIA:
** archie.au ** (139.130.4.6)
AARNet Archive Server, Melbourne, Australia. Macintosh files are
in micros/mac. This site also mirrors sumex-aim.stanford.edu (look in
micros/mac/infomac) and mac.archive.umich.edu (look in micros/mac/umich).
JAPAN:
** utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp ** (133.11.11.11)
University of Tokyo archive site. Macintosh files are in pub/Mac.
This site also mirrors info-mac at sumex-aim.stanford.edu; check
the pub/Mac/info-mac directory.
[C] Vendor Information
----------------------
These vendors are either mentioned in this FAQ or provide products
relating to Macintosh networking. Neither the editor of this list
nor any of the contributors necessarily endorse any of the vendors
or their products. The following information is provided for your
convenience only.
Please bring any errors or additions to the attention of the editor.
Vendor Contact Methods:
--------------------------------------- --------------------------------
Advanced Software Concepts e-mail:
adv.soft@applelink.apple.com
anonymous FTP at 192.70.34.153
Alverson Software e-mail: davea@xetron.com
Apple Developers Association (APDA) [USA] (408) 974 4667
e-mail: APDA@applelink.apple.com
MacTCP orders and information:
[USA] (800) 282-2732
[USA] (408) 562-3971 {FAX}
[CANADA] (800) 637-0029
Cayman Systems [USA] (800) 473 4776
e-mail: info@cayman.com
e-mail: sales@cayman.com
anonymous FTP at ftp.cayman.com
cc:Mail/Lotus Development [USA] (800) 448-2500
[Int'l] 011-44-784-455-445
e-mail: support@ccmail.com
Compatible Systems [USA] (800) 356 0283
e-mail: support@compatible.com
anonymous FTP at ftp.compatible.com
Freesoft [USA] (412) 846-2700
Global Village [USA] (415) 390-8300
e-mail: GLOBALVILLAG@applelink.apple.com
America Online: GlobalVill
CompuServe: 75300,3473
Hayes [USA] (404) 441-1617
[CANADA] (519) 746-5000
[USA/CANADA] (800) US-HAYES {BBS}
[USA/CANADA] (404) HI-MODEM {BBS}
[UK] 081-848-1858
[UK] 081-569-1774 {BBS}
[HK] 852-887-1037
ICE Engineering, Inc. [USA] (313) 449-8288
e-mail: info@ice.com
e-mail: time@ice.com
InterCon Systems [USA] (800) 468-7266 (sales)
[USA] (703) 709-5500 (sales)
[USA] (703) 709-5520 (tech)
e-mail: sales@intercon.com
Mark/Space Softworks [USA] (408) 982-9781 (fax)
[USA] (408) 982-9046 (bbs)
e-mail: mspace@netcom.com
America Online: MARKSPACE
AppleLink: MARKSPACE
anonymous ftp at netcom.com:pub/mspace
Mercury System, Inc. [USA] (310) 553-0881
[USA[ (310) 553-1291 (fax)
Pacer Software [USA] (619) 454-0565
e-mail: support@pacersoft.com
QUALCOMM, Incorporated [USA] (800) 2-EUDORA
[USA] (619) 587-1121
e-mail: eudora-hotline@qualcomm.com
ftp: ftp.qualcomm.com [192.35.156.5]
Seaquest Software [USA] (503) 531-0252
e-mail: seaquest1@aol.com
e-mail: peterm@cs.pdx.edu
CompuServe: 73217,3460
America Online: Seaquest1
Shiva [USA] (800) 458-3550
[USA] (617) 621-0190 {BBS}
e-mail: info@shiva.com
e-mail: sales@shiva.com
e-mail: support@shiva.com
anonymous FTP at shiva.com
Smartcom (Hayes) [USA] (404) 441-1617
[USA] (800) US-HAYES (BBS)
Software Ventures Corporation [USA] (510) 644-1325
e-mail: microphone@svcdudes.com
Stalker Software [USA] (800) 262 4722 (voice)
[USA] (408) 370 3170 (fax)
[EUROPE] 49 221 442 138
StarNine Technologies [USA] (510) 649-4949
[USA] (510) 548-0393 (fax)
e-mail: info@starnine.com
Synergy Software [USA] (215) 779-0522
e-mail: D2296@appleLink.apple.com
TriSoft (Hyde Park sales/support) [USA] (800) 531-5170
Webster Computer Corp. [AUSTRALIA] 61 3 764 1100
White Pine Software [USA] (603) 886-9050
ZyXEL [USA] (800) 255-4101
[USA] (714) 693-0808
[USA] (714) 693-0762 (BBS)
[USA] (714) 693-8811 (fax)
[CANADA] (416) 534-1508
[CANADA] (416) 534-1312
[D] Contributors
----------------
The editor of this FAQ would like to graciously thank all of the
following individuals who have contributed in some form or another
to the answers provided above, and to the many others not listed
who have nonetheless encouraged and corrected me along the way.
Dave Alverson (ZTerm, Powerbooks)
Steve Baumgarten (Versaterm)
Jack Brindle (BinHex, MacBinary)
Eric Behr (MacTCP)
Josh Cole (Networking, MacTCP, AppleDouble)
Bill Coleman (Smartcom)
Steve Dorner (Eudora, SL/IP)
Don Gilbert (SL/IP)
Tom Gewecke (European E-Mail, Archives)
Elliotte Rusty Harold (General, File Transfer Programs)
Greg Kilcup (MacX, CSL/IP, PPP)
Andy Y. A. Kuo (Networking)
Peter N Lewis (General, FTPd)
Bill MacGregor (MacTCP Name Resolution)
Leonard Rosenthol (General, StuffIt)
Kevin Eric Saunders (Comet)
Eric P. Scott (General)
Jon L. Spear (General, Baud Etymology)
Werner Uhrig (Macintosh Expert)
Rick Watson (MacSLIP)
================================================================================