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>C O M P U T E R U N D E R G R O U N D<
>D I G E S T<
*** Volume 2, Issue #2.06 (October 6, 1990) **
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MODERATORS: Jim Thomas / Gordon Meyer (TK0JUT2@NIU.bitnet)
ARCHIVISTS: Bob Krause / Alex Smith
USENET readers can currently receive CuD as alt.society.cu-digest.
COMPUTER UNDERGROUND DIGEST is an open forum dedicated to sharing
information among computerists and to the presentation and debate of
diverse views. CuD material may be reprinted as long as the source is
cited. It is assumed that non-personal mail to the moderators may be
reprinted, unless otherwise specified. Readers are encouraged to submit
reasoned articles relating to the Computer Underground.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
DISCLAIMER: The views represented herein do not necessarily represent the
views of the moderators. Contributors assume all responsibility
for assuring that articles submitted do not violate copyright
protections.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
CONTENTS:
File 1: Moderators' Corner
File 2: From the Mailbag
File 3: MARS BBS Sting a Prank
File 4: Another view of hacking
File 5: The CU in the news
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*** CuD #2.06, File 1 of 5: Moderator's corner ***
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From: Moderators
Subject: Moderators' Corner
Date: October 6, 1990
++++++++++
In this file:
1. CuD SURVEY
2. NATIONAL COMPUTER SECURITY CONFERENCE
3. CORRECTION / ATI
+++++++++++++++
CuD Survey
+++++++++++++++
We thank everybody who filled out the CuD survey and thanks to Pat Townson for
printing it in Telecom Digest. The response was far, far better than expected,
and Bob Krause will have the results as soon as he tabulates them. Because of
the volume, it may take a few weeks. Names and all identifying references are,
of course, removed.
+++++++++++++++++
Computer Security Conference
+++++++++++++++++
Coming Next Issue: An eyewitness report on the National Computer Security
Conference held last week in Washington, D.C. CuD's coverage will be
limited to a single article unless someone else contributes! If you attended
the NCSC (and we know many of you did!) why not jot down a few
thoughts/observations and send them in? Alternate views, reviews,
comments, and summaries are all welcome.
++++++++++++++
Correction on ATI
++++++++++++++
Gremlins in the keyboard mistyped---ATI stands for
ACTIVIST TIMES, INC., (*NOT* "Anarchist")--
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>> END OF THIS FILE <<
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From: Various Contributors
Subject: From the Mailbag
Date: October 4, 1990
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*** CuD #2.06: File 2 of 5: From the Mailbag ***
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From: peter@FICC.FERRANTI.COM(peter da silva)
Regarding "what to do when you talk to LE agents":
Most of these guidelines are important when talking to reporters, too. One
would expect the press to be the underground's natural allies: the First
Amendment should always be near and dear to their hearts. In practice,
however, they have often taken action that seems designed to encourage
authorities to curb free speech. Also, one of the recurring themes in
articles posted by victimes of witchhunts is the effect of unfavorable
publicity on people's lives. There was such an account in this very
issue! So watch your tongue. Remember, if the press believe you're a
bad guy they'll say anything to get you to make a "publishable"
statement.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
From: Mike Jezierski
Law Enforcement and Computers:
Not many law enforcement officials KNOW about computers. They see a computer
as a way to check on a license plate or NCIC (we all know what that is)
Refusing to answer questions gets on the bad side of a law enforcement
officer, and sometimes he/she WILL use force against you (Indianapolis
is a prime example of violent force against criminals)
Saying "I want my lawyer" will do nothing but enrage your typical cop/agent
and there is the possiblity that they would say "F*** your lawyer, I want
answers NOW!!!" then proceed to beat the holy snot out of you...
To the police, a criminal is a criminal...no matter is you're a murderer, a
rapist, a thief or even a hacker.
Of course you *could* bring brutality charges... so then the agent/cop lies
and gets out of it ... big deal. Like the alleged thief described in
C-u-D 2.05, you might be innocent but their being there makes you guilty.
Enough Said...
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
From: The Butler
Comment on Operation Sun Devil
One of the reasons SS agents confiscated various BBS systems was because of
the so called "ILLEGAL" information contained on them. It doesn't matter
that most if not all of the "ILLEGAL" information can be found in a local
Library, the SS still claimed it should not be posted on Electronic
Bulletin Boards.
Well the other day as I was thumbing through the latest issue of Computer
Shopper I stumbled across an ad for, Guess what??? "TOP SECRET MANUALS"
among them being: Computer Phreaking, Beyond Van Eck Phreaking, Automatic
Teller Machines, Phone Color Boxes, Voice Mail Hacking, etc, etc.
I suppose this is ok because it is in printed form. Same information but
different form, is there a difference? Not to me!!!
The Butler
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From: Jim Thomas
Subject: MARS BBS Sting a Prank
Date: 5 October, 1990
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*** CuD #2.06: File 3 of 5: MARS BBS STING A PRANK ***
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Ok, boys and girls, we've been had--the rumor of alleged Secret Service
involvement in the MARS BBS at Mississippi State was a bit of a prank. It
was not malicious, not intended to be deceptive, and not without a few
lessons.
For those who have read the post from Ed Luke, the sysop of MARS, a BBS
accessible via ftp, the gist of the story was that the Secret Service had
busted the board, but allowed it to return as a sting board. According to
the post (reproduced at the end of this file), the names and the
up/downloads of allegedly "obscene" .gif and .gl files were kept and turned
over to the SS. The post circulated across the nets during the past week,
and most of us were concerned about the implications of the story, if true.
We tried calling Ed during the week, but couldn't reach him (he was not
hiding--he was studying for seven hour exam), which delayed explanation of
the prank. Some might be angry at the prank for the consternation it
created among a lot of people. Was it tacky, in bad taste and outrageous?
Of course it was. But, in context, it was also rather funny (for those of
us who prefer Emo Phillips' view of the world to Kant's moral imperative).
Here's the story as Ed relates it:
MARS BBS began at Mississippi State on a university computer system. Ed
had been asked to work on a BBS program for a friend, and he set it up as a
demo board called "Resource Pirates Bulletin Board." The name was intended
as a campy take-off on pirate boards, because they were "pirating" the
nets, not software. Ed was explicit in re-affirming that, whatever his own
personal views of proprietary information (he favors "knowledge to the
people"), he takes his administrative obligations very seriously, and
respects the laws restricting what can and cannot be placed on a university
board (see related story on censorship in the next issue). The original
software could accommodate about 50 users, and was quite small. It was a "no
rules" board, but it became quite popular, something he had not
anticipated. He made arrangements to obtain a legitimate board through the
university on a legitimate machine and reworked the software.
"I had no idea what I was getting when I started," Ed said in explaining
that he was surprised at the number of users (currently over 1,400) and the
amount of work involved in keeping up with the volume of traffic and the
file transfers. The board was down for awhile when it was switched from an
Athena to a MARS system. Numerous .gif (graphic pictures) and .gl (animated
pictures) were uploaded, many of which were sexually explicit. His
position was not to monitor or censor, even if the sheer volume of files
would allow him time to do so: "How do I determine what's obscene? It
becomes my responsibility to make that judgement call on everything. And I
don't want to make that call," he explained. The gif collection grew, and
they dominated communications on the board and ftp traffic.
Although Ed doesn't know how the National Science Foundation (NSF) became
aware of the files, there were complaints and threats by the NSF of
curtailing access to the nets, because the NSF provide some of the net
backbone. It was not a fight that Ed felt he could win, or one that he felt
he could make a strong case for, so he removed the files. That's when the
fun began.
He began receiving a number of messages, and some of the "ridiculous" ones
prompted the prank. He received numerous notes and complaints, and there
was what he describes as "lots of paranoia" about why they were taken down.
From mail we received at CuD, Ed's observations are accurate, because some
MARS users suspected that the temporary hiatus during the change in systems
was the result of a bust. In response to some of the more strident and
conspiratorial messages he received, Ed wrote the following post:
******START POST**********
Posted By: lush (Ed Luke)
Date: Sat Sep 29 21:54:03 1990
Title: The story about the GIF files.
Ok, since everyone has been asking about the gif files, here's the story of
what happened with the gifs... It seems that the secret service under
direction of Pres. Bush is on a campaign against computer crime. You've
read about some of this probably. It's called Operation Sun Devil. Some
of the older users will remember when this bbs was called the Pirates
Resource BBS and was on athena.ee.mssate.edu. Well we eventually got shut
down in a fashion similar to that of the victims of operation sun devil.
However, in our case, since we were such an allegedly large center for
computer criminal activity, the Secret Service, along with the National
Computing Defence Council decided to conduct an ongoing investigation. If
you want to catch mice, you don't just plug their holes. You lay traps.
Well they allowed us to set up again at mars on the strict requirement that
we would do strict accounting. We have been keeping records of every
(timestamped) upload and download that's been made to this board. In
addition, in hopes of cooperating with the Feds for obvious reasons, I
instituted the monitoring system software on mars. When anyone did an ftp
it logged the date, did a finger on the system that was connecting and
snarfed up the userid via ftp protocol and made a complete record of all
files downloaded and uploaded. Also, users that download files from the
bbs had the machine name they were connecting to, and any other evidence
collected in a similar manner. After enough information was collected, we
gave them the reams of data files and removed the gifs, giving yall the
bogus NSF story. So there it is. The GIFS and GL's aren't the biggest
part of the story, but they are illegal in some states and the FCC has been
interested in cracking down on computer obscenity for a long time. I can't
say I like it, but that we have to live with it.
Later,
Ed Luke
*******END POST*******
Ed emphasizes that we wrote the post under his own name, as a user, which
he feels gives him the latitude to be more playful, and *not* as "sysop."
He offers several reasons for the post:
First, it was a response to the numerous messages he received. Second, and
more importantly, it was an experiment in the level of paranoia that exists
on the nets, and he was surprised when he continued to discover the paths
through which the post was spreading. Finally, it was a test of the scope
of the BBS. He found that the latter two were significant: "Never
underestimate the level of paranoia and the power of the nets," he
observed.
Ed stresses that he had absolutely no intention to deceive the CU community
and that his act was done in good humor, not ill will. But, the sexually
explicit files *will not* return, because he feels the board provides far
to many other beneficial services to jeopardize it. The MARS board is
ftp-accessible at 130.18.64.3, but if the numbers continue to grow, access
may be difficult. Type "bbs" at the prompt and follow the instructions
from there. It is a true BBS, and files can be ftp-ed or transfered with a
variety of protocols, including kermit. On line chat, a lively message
section, and an array of free (legitimate) software is available. Those
wishing to obtain a copy of the BBS program may download it from the board
(free), and are encouraged to tinker with it and make changes, but
improvements or suggestions for them should be passed back to Ed.
We see two important lessons to be learned from this. The first we will
address in the next issue of CuD and relates to prior censorship. Ed (and
others) agree that many of the files were in bad taste because of their
sexual explicitness. The issue, however, is by what means files are
determined to be "obscene" and the process by which even agencies with a
legitimate interest in the contents of files should or may intervene to
remove them. We do not yet know the circumstances of NFS involvement and we
do not challenge the right of those with a legitimate interest to assume
responsibility for standards. But, given the current lack of protections
for cyberspace media, anything that smacks of censorship should at least
raise the question of "how" and "why."
The second lesson is more frightening. Although some astute readers were
sharp enough to suspect a prank, even they were fully aware of the
possibility of Secret Service meddling. This is frightening: Rather than
say "no way! The SS would never do *that*," few people would have been
surprised at the scenario outlined in Ed's post.
Are those who believed the worst gullible or naive? We think not. In the
1960s, it was quite common for law enforcement agents to collect lists of
"radicals" (defined as anybody who opposed the Viet Nam war) and use these
in highly disruptive ways. For example, in 1977 one CuD moderator was part
of a class action suit to obtain "Red Squad" files from the Michigan State
Police, which included documents of numerous local, state, and national
agencies that detailed surveillance mechanisms. One of the more ludicrous
was the practice of listing the license plates of cars in parking lots near
anti-war or other meetings, running these plates through the DMV, and then
listing those that turned up more than once. The owners of those vehicles,
according to these documents, would find themselves added to the list of
"suspects" on a Red Squad list, and this type of information demonstrably
cost people jobs, promotions, or subjected them to other forms of
harassment. A series of law suits and legislative actions curtailed the
worst of these abuses. However, the questionable tactics of the Secret
Service in Operation Sun Devil hardly inspires confidence in voluntary
restraint against the Computer Underground. The 15 hours of video tape
that were obtained from the room of an alleged informant at Summercon '88
are one example of questionable surveillance--How far are law enforcement
agents willing to go on their war against the "hacker menace?" If they are
video taping a bunch of under-age kids drinking, if they seem willing to
circumvent Constitutional limitations in indictments and searches,
then running a sting board and listing users seems fully plausible.
As we have cited in previous articles, sting boards are encouraged
as a legitimate option for both state and federal authorities.
The tragedy of Ed Luke's prank is not that he pulled it off, but rather
that, in the current climate of legitimate paranoia created by a few
over-zealous law enforcement agents, few of us would have been the least
bit surprised if it were true. What does this say about the respect for
law that such actions as Operation Sun Devil have created?
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From: Toxic Shock
Subject: Another view of hacking
Date: Sat, 06 Oct 90 03:04:57 EDT
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*** CuD #2.06: File 4 of 5: Another View of Hacking ***
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%The Toxic Shock group forwarded the following over to us--moderators.%
The Evil That Hackers Do
------------------------
"I am a hacker."
If I ever told that to anyone, it would immediately be assumed that I am a
malicious, vandalising, thieving, pseudo-terrorist out to take over the
computers of the world for personal gain or quite possibly to glean some
morbid satisfaction from deleting megs upon megs of valuable data.
Excrement of an uncastrated male bovine.
"I am associated with the computer underground."
If I ever told that to anyone, there would be a flash flood of foolish
associations in that person's mind between myself and The Mafia, with Saddam
Hussein, Syria, Libya, Abu Nidal, and who knows what else.
More excrement of an uncastrated male bovine.
Almost universally, among the ignorant majority, we hackers are considered to
be dangerous thugs whose sole purpose in life is to cause as much damage as we
can in as little time as possible to the largest number of people.
Need I repeat my picturesque opinion?
Sure, there are those little kiddies (mental and physical) who call themselves
"hackers" and fit the above descriptions. There are also people who call
themselves "human beings" that rape, murder, cheat, lie and steal every few
minutes (or is it seconds, now?). Does that mean that all "human beings"
should then be placed in prison?
Perhaps the term "hacker" has become a misnomer, but for my purposes in this
file, I will use that term to describe the way I view us hackers.
A hacker is always two things: curious and bored.
The boredom of a hacker is spawned by a society whose educational system is
designed mainly to get X number of students through the schools with the
average scores of X on tests; tests whose hardest challenge is to maintain
consciousness throughout the taking thereof.
There is no challenge in balancing the same binomial equations over and over
and over again. There is no challenge is learning to print your name on a
screen in BASIC, or PASCAL for that matter.
There is no challenge in being spoonfed such little bits of information as to
make it almost not worth one's while to even bother continuing education.
The lack of challenge, the minute bits of knowledge actually given to us, is
like a stake through our hearts. We are curious...So intensely curious that
we border on being nosy...They teach us NOTHING in schools. What is passed
off as education is nothing more than learning by rote. They pound the same
things into our heads, the things we learned the first time they pounded it,
and they pound and they pound, as if trying to knock our thirst for knowledge
right out of our heads!
We HAVE to be curious because we want to LEARN! Colleges take three semesters
to cover material that should take only three WEEKS! We cannot depend on our
educational system to quench our thirst, to satisfy our need for more and more
information! We are addicted to information and knowledge, and our drugs are
withheld from us.
We are forced to seek our precious information and knowledge elsewhere. We
have to find challenge somewhere, somehow, or it tears our very souls apart.
And we are, eventually, forced to enter someone's system...
Why? Because the system is new, unknown. How does one get in? What can be
found within? These are questions we can ask, with answers we must find for
ourselves...Oh, so different from school already!
Our boredom disappears as if it never existed. Our little spark of curiosity
becomes a bonfire within our minds. We have an open challenge to our
intellect, an opportunity to learn SOMEthing, and we cannot turn that
challenge down.
It doesn't happen like Wargames shows it. Oh no, it is so much different.
The geek in the movie....he had it so easy. No real hackers would exist if it
was that easy (perhaps therein lies the solution to the "problem").
No, we hack and hack at a system, like a man on a safari, clearing away the
vines of the jungle with his machete, trying to forge ahead to a destination
he cannot yet see. We keep on, torturing our brains and pounding our fingers
on the keyboard until at last...oh at long, sweet last... we are in.
We have already learned something...we know how to get into the system, we
know what kind of security the system has. We should, by now, have a general
idea how intelligent the operators of the system are or are not, and what kind
of information might be found within.
Something the nerd from Wargames could get into probably won't have any new AI
techniques, or other such things that help us to better our own programming
skills.
And at this point, many people assume we would then proceed to copy everything
we find and then trash the system so we could then sell the only remaining
copy of the data to the highest bidder, preferably a foreign agent or the
richest competitor of the company...
It makes no sense. We thirst for knowledge and information, and then you can
possibly think we are going to destroy that which is sacred to us? To take
away someone else's chance to succeed in getting in as we did? To fuel an
already terrible reputation and increase our chances of getting caught and
thus have our lives and careers effectively ruined?
Are you really THAT..DAMN..STUPID???
We value information as much as we value our systems, which is almost as much
as we value our lives, if not more so. We would no more destroy data than we
would chop off our own heads because we value our brains!
Most, if not all, of us think information should be exchanged freely... If
everyone is kept abreast of the newest technologies, techniques, what have
you, then everyone can benefit...The more each of us knows, the fewer past
mistakes we will repeat, the greater knowledge base we will have for future
developments.
Can you really believe that we are so hypocritical that we would SELL that
which we demand the free exchange of?
But, even as I type this, I begin to realize just why we are such a feared
group of people...
We are misunderstood by the majority.
You cannot understand someone who is driven by the thirst for knowledge, not
for money and power. You cannot understand someone who wants to learn, and to
teach, instead of putting away more and more money into a bank account.
You cannot understand someone who judges others by what they say, think, and
do, rather than how they look or how large their income is.
You cannot understand someone who wants to be honest and sharing, instead of
lying, stealing, and cheating.
You cannot understand us because we are different. Different in a society
where conformity is the demanded norm. We seek to rise above the rest, and
then to pull everyone else up to the same new heights. We seek to innovate,
to invent. We, quite seriously, seek to boldly go where no one has gone
before.
We refuse to be herded like the sheep which make up this society. We choose
to think for ourselves. We demand the respect of our individuality. And we
are slandered and shunned, condemned without a trial, because of these things.
We are misunderstood, misinterpreted, misrepresented.
All because we simply want to learn. We simply want to increase the flow of
information and knowledge, so that EVERYONE can learn and benefit.
And that is the terrible, evil, malign thing that we truly are. Intelligent
and inquisitive. Seeking improvement in the lot of all mankind. Seeking
equality. Seeking respect for individual freedom.
Oppression is our only reward....yet if it were not for people like us, all of
you who wake up each day to an alarm clock, or drive to work in your fine new
car after cutting on your security system, while drinking that cup of coffee
you didn't have to get up to prepare, would still be living in a cave,
somewhere near Africa, grunting and reproducing, eating the raw meat of some
beast you hunted down with clubs, trying to ignore the cold that seeps in
through the animal skins you wear, and wondering when some curious person with
some intelligence, creativity, and ingenuity would come along and invent the
wheel.
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From: Various Contributors
Subject: The CU in the news
Date: 28 July, 1990
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*** CuD #2.06: File 5 of 5: The CU in the News ***
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(Washington, DC)--CONGRESS TO APPROVE BILL BANNING SOFTWARE RENTALS
The Senate and the House Judiciary Committee have passed bills that will
allow software publishers to prevent computer stores and businesses from
renting out their software. Rep. Mike Synar of Oklahoma (a democrat) has
sponsored the House's Bill, and Congress is expected to pass his bill (or
the Senate's proposal) before October.
Mike Synar's bill is aimed at preventing video rental stores from
renting microcomputer software, since software pirates who don't own
modems can easily obtain commercial software through them. Interestingly
enough, the bill does NOT prevent video rental stores from renting out
Nintendo Game Cartridges, since Nintendo games can't be copied by software
pirates. It seems that Nintendo earns revenue from cartridge sales, since
they manufacture ALL Nintendo game cartridges....
(reprinted with permission from:
STReport "Your Independent News Source" September 28, 1990
16/32bit Magazine copyright 1990 No.6.39
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
From: Computerworld, September 24, 1990, p. 122, Inside Lines:
"And a Merry Christmas to All?"
An almost identical version of the IBM Christmas virus that infected
thousands of computers on IBM's internal mail in December 1987 has
reportedly been posted on the Bitnet network. The virus puts a tree and
seasonal greeting message on the screen of infected computers and is known
to replicate wildly, shutting down computers. No word of any infections,
however. Bitnet connects computers at more than 200 universities as well
as to the Earn network in Europe, the entry point of the original virus.
IBM was forced to shut down its 350,000-terminal network for nearly three
days to get rid of the virus.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
From the JOHNSON CITY PRESS, Wednesday, October 3, 1990
HACKER ALTERING RECORDED PHONE MESSAGES
By Leslie Loyd
Associated Press Writer
KINGSPORT, TN - A computer hacker is tapping into voice mail telephone
messages and replacing them with explicit sexual descriptions, a telephone
company spokesman said Tuesday.
Phil Timp, a spokesman for United Telephone Co., said the company has
received 70 complaints.
"All of the sudden in the last two weeks, we've had a barrage of
complaints," Timp said. "What the motive is we don't know... Obviously
they're very disturbed."
The FBI and Kingsport police were called in Tuesday to investigate.
... (portion omitted describing voice mail) ...
"(Subscribers) are checking their messages and hearing this," Timp said.
"Imagine if your mother called."
He said subscribers frequently use the last four digits of their telephone
number as their access code because it is easy to remember. But that also
makes the code easy to break. Timp said subscribers should check messages
and change access code frequently.
Timp said someone is using a computer to tap into the system and figure out
the codes.
"It's a knowledgeable user," Timp said.
He said he doesn't know if any subscribers have canceled because of the
explicit messages.
"We're doing everything we can to make sure these people can continue their
voice mail service," Timp said.
"It's the first time we've had a problem to this degree," he said. The
company began offering the service two years ago and has had a few isolated
incidents like this.
(Submitted by Paul Schmidt)
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
The Ithaca Journal
Tuesday September 25, 1990 (reprinted by permission)
"IHS student unleashes computer viruses"
by Chris Swingle
Journal Staff
A 16-year-old Ithaca High School student created computer viruses that
spread during the summer to dozens of Macintosh personal computers in
Ithaca, officials reported Monday.
Computers at Ithaca High, BAKA Computers Inc. and Cornell University were
affected, but the problems are now believed solved. The viruses took
hundreds -- or even thousands -- of work hours to fix, one official
estimated.
"It can be described as a nuisance," said Ted Palmer, a senior investigator
with the New York State Police in Cortland who specializes in computer
crime investigations.
The Ithaca High School teenager, whose name wasn't released, isn't being
prosecuted because he cooperated and agreed to help police in future
investigations, Palmer said.
Computer viruses are miniature programs that can replicate and spread from
one computer to another, much as microorganism do. These viruses can wreak
havoc -- tying up computer's memory, interrupting normal operations,
causing errors or even destroying data.
The IHS case comes almost two years after a Cornell University graduate
student drew national attention with a similar type of rogue program called
a "worm," which jammed some 6,000 government, military and university
computers.
Robert T. Morris Jr. was convicted on federal charges of computer tampering
in January, and he was sentenced to 400 hours of community service and
fined $10,000.
This summer's two local viruses, which additionally had variations, didn't
destroy any information, but did spread quickly from disk to disk. The
virus "infected" a new computer by moving into the hard disk core of the
computer, then hopping onto the next disk that was put in the computer.
"All that was necessary is that a disk be inserted, to be infected," said
Mark Anbinder, a technical consultant for BAKA. "So it was a particularly
annoying one."
"I would describe it as serious in that it interferes with the computers'
operation," he added.
One virus was first discovered in May, and another strain appeared in
August, Anbinder said.
A police investigation started Aug. 22 and ended Sunday, Palmer said.
State police and Cornell public safety investigators worked with virus
experts to analyze the computer bug and trace its origin. In the spring of
1988, Macintosh computers at Cornell were infected by a virus called Scores
that made the machines act increasingly erratically, then stop working
altogether.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
IBM US News Bulletin
Dateline - September 18, 1990
IBM, MERIT AND MCI FORM NEW ORGANIZATION TO EXPAND NATIONAL COMPUTER
SUPERHIGHWAY
IBM, MCI Communications Corporation, and Merit, Inc., a consortium of eight
Michigan universities, has announced the establishment of Advanced Network
and Services, Inc. (ANS), a new company that will help propel high-speed
computer networking into the next century for the nation's research and
education communities.
The new not-for-profit organization will manage and operate the federally
funded National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) backbone, under
subcontract to Merit, as well as provide a broad spectrum of networking
services to researchers and educators in universities, federal laboratories
and the private sector. These services range from basic network monitoring
to complete networking connectivity and support. ANS will begin to connect
additional educational, industrial and government institutions to the
nation's largest public computer superhighway at speed up to 45 megabits per
second.
ANS is being established to help build and expand current networking
capabilities to meet the skyrocketing demand by the nation's scientists,
engineers and academics for high-speed networking.
The goals of ANS are:
* To assist in the expansion of the existing national network so that it
broadly serves the research and education community.
* To increase the speed and capability of the network, maintaining it at
the leading edge of technology.
* To provide the highest quality network and services in helping to advance
research and education.
IBM and MCI are providing ANS with initial funding, as well as leading edge
technology. Merit, Inc. will add its expertise in network operations,
engineering and planning, in addition to network information services. IBM,
MCI and Merit have been partners in NSFNET since 1987.
Headquarters for ANS are in Elmsford, Ney York.
--
Dan Ehrlich <ehrlich@cs.psu.edu>/Voice: +1 814 863 1142/FAX: +1 814 865 3176
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